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Substantial research works have shown that deep models, e.g., pre-trained models, on the large corpus can learn universal language representations, which are beneficial for downstream NLP tasks. However, these powerful models are also…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Yixin Liu , Hongsheng Hu , Xun Chen , Xuyun Zhang , Lichao Sun

The rapid proliferation of deep neural networks (DNNs) across several domains has led to increasing concerns regarding intellectual property (IP) protection and model misuse. Trained DNNs represent valuable assets, often developed through…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Sangeeth B , Serena Nicolazzo , Deepa K. , Vinod P

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate general intelligence across a variety of machine learning tasks, thereby enhancing the commercial value of their intellectual property (IP). To protect this IP, model owners typically allow user…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Kaiyi Pang , Tao Qi , Chuhan Wu , Minhao Bai , Minghu Jiang , Yongfeng Huang

Watermarking has recently emerged as an effective strategy for detecting the outputs of large language models (LLMs). Most existing schemes require white-box access to the model's next-token probability distribution, which is typically not…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Dara Bahri , John Wieting

Recent breakthroughs in zero-shot voice synthesis have enabled imitating a speaker's voice using just a few seconds of recording while maintaining a high level of realism. Alongside its potential benefits, this powerful technology…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Guangyu Chen , Yu Wu , Shujie Liu , Tao Liu , Xiaoyong Du , Furu Wei

Watermarking has become a plausible candidate for ownership verification and intellectual property protection of deep neural networks. Regarding image classification neural networks, current watermarking schemes uniformly resort to backdoor…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Fangqi Li , Shilin Wang

The rapid advancement of next-token-prediction models has led to widespread adoption across modalities, enabling the creation of realistic synthetic media. In the audio domain, while autoregressive speech models have propelled…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Yihan Wu , Georgios Milis , Ruibo Chen , Heng Huang

Text-to-Speech (TTS) diffusion models generate high-quality speech, which raises challenges for the model intellectual property protection and speech tracing for legal use. Audio watermarking is a promising solution. However, due to the…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Yichuan Zhang , Chengxin Li , Yujie Gu

The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) into agentic systems that perform autonomous reasoning and tool use has created significant intellectual property (IP) value. We demonstrate that these systems are highly vulnerable to imitation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Liwen Wang , Zongjie Li , Yuchong Xie , Shuai Wang , Dongdong She , Wei Wang , Juergen Rahmel

This paper investigates methods to effectively retrieve speaker information from the personalized speaker adapted neural network acoustic models (AMs) in automatic speech recognition (ASR). This problem is especially important in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Natalia Tomashenko , Salima Mdhaffar , Marc Tommasi , Yannick Estève , Jean-François Bonastre

Diffusion models have gained prominence in the image domain for their capabilities in data generation and transformation, achieving state-of-the-art performance in various tasks in both image and audio domains. In the rapidly evolving field…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Xirong Cao , Xiang Li , Divyesh Jadav , Yanzhao Wu , Zhehui Chen , Chen Zeng , Wenqi Wei

Speech models are often trained on sensitive data in order to improve model performance, leading to potential privacy leakage. Our work considers noise masking attacks, introduced by Amid et al. 2022, which attack automatic speech…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Matthew Jagielski , Om Thakkar , Lun Wang

Protecting the intellectual property of machine learning models is a hot topic and many watermarking schemes for deep neural networks have been proposed in the literature. Unfortunately, prior work largely neglected the investigation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Stefano Calzavara , Lorenzo Cazzaro , Donald Gera , Salvatore Orlando

Given the extensive research and real-world applications of automatic speech recognition (ASR), ensuring the robustness of ASR models against minor input perturbations becomes a crucial consideration for maintaining their effectiveness in…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-15 Xiaoxue Gao , Zexin Li , Yiming Chen , Cong Liu , Haizhou Li

Recent advances in Text-To-Speech (TTS) technology have enabled synthetic speech to mimic human voices with remarkable realism, raising significant security concerns. This underscores the need for traceable TTS models-systems capable of…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-08 Yuxiang Zhao , Yunchong Xiao , Yushen Chen , Zhikang Niu , Shuai Wang , Kai Yu , Xie Chen

The rapid advancement of deep learning has turned models into highly valuable assets due to their reliance on massive data and costly training processes. However, these models are increasingly vulnerable to leakage and theft, highlighting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Yunfei Yang , Xiaojun Chen , Zhendong Zhao , Yu Zhou , Xiaoyan Gu , Juan Cao

Audio watermarking embeds auxiliary information into speech while maintaining speaker identity, linguistic content, and perceptual quality. Although recent advances in neural and digital signal processing-based watermarking methods have…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Yigitcan Özer , Wanying Ge , Zhe Zhang , Xin Wang , Junichi Yamagishi

Smart devices serviced by large-scale AI models necessitates user data transfer to the cloud for inference. For speech applications, this means transferring private user information, e.g., speaker identity. Our paper proposes a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-26 Md Asif Jalal , Pablo Peso Parada , Jisi Zhang , Karthikeyan Saravanan , Mete Ozay , Myoungji Han , Jung In Lee , Seokyeong Jung

Nowadays, it is common to release audio content to the public. However, with the rise of voice cloning technology, attackers have the potential to easily impersonate a specific person by utilizing his publicly released audio without any…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Chang Liu , Jie Zhang , Tianwei Zhang , Xi Yang , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu

Deep learning models trained in a supervised setting have revolutionized audio and speech processing. However, their performance inherently depends on the quantity of human-annotated data, making them costly to scale and prone to poor…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-12 Theo Lepage , Reda Dehak