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In this work, we propose small footprint Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network models applied to the problem of wakeword detection and augment them with scaled dot product attention. We find that false accepts compared to Convolutional…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-26 Mohammad Omar Khursheed , Christin Jose , Rajath Kumar , Gengshen Fu , Brian Kulis , Santosh Kumar Cheekatmalla

The goal of this work is to detect new spoken terms defined by users. While most previous works address Keyword Spotting (KWS) as a closed-set classification problem, this limits their transferability to unseen terms. The ability to define…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-02 Jaemin Jung , Youkyum Kim , Jihwan Park , Youshin Lim , Byeong-Yeol Kim , Youngjoon Jang , Joon Son Chung

Non-invasive brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are beginning to benefit from large, public benchmarks. However, current benchmarks target relatively simple, foundational tasks like Speech Detection and Phoneme Classification, while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Gereon Elvers , Gilad Landau , Oiwi Parker Jones

Keyword spotting (KWS) has become an indispensable part of many intelligent devices surrounding us, as audio is one of the most efficient ways of interacting with these devices. The accuracy and performance of KWS solutions have been the…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-11-10 Mehmet Gorkem Ulkar , Osman Erman Okman

For training a few-shot keyword spotting (FS-KWS) model, a large labeled dataset containing massive target keywords has known to be essential to generalize to arbitrary target keywords with only a few enrollment samples. To alleviate the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-10 Dongjune Lee , Minchan Kim , Sung Hwan Mun , Min Hyun Han , Nam Soo Kim

Keyword spotting (KWS) is essential for voice-driven applications, demanding both accuracy and efficiency. Traditional ASR-based KWS methods, such as greedy and beam search, explore the entire search space without explicitly prioritizing…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-01 Yu Xi , Haoyu Li , Xiaoyu Gu , Yidi Jiang , Kai Yu

Speech recognition is a sequence prediction problem. Besides employing various deep learning approaches for framelevel classification, sequence-level discriminative training has been proved to be indispensable to achieve the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-20 Zhehuai Chen , Yanmin Qian , Kai Yu

We explore the application of deep residual learning and dilated convolutions to the keyword spotting task, using the recently-released Google Speech Commands Dataset as our benchmark. Our best residual network (ResNet) implementation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-24 Raphael Tang , Jimmy Lin

Despite their great performance over the years, handcrafted speech features are not necessarily optimal for any particular speech application. Consequently, with greater or lesser success, optimal filterbank learning has been studied for…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-06-02 Iván López-Espejo , Zheng-Hua Tan , Jesper Jensen

Keyword spotting (KWS) and speaker verification (SV) are two important tasks in speech applications. Research shows that the state-of-art KWS and SV models are trained independently using different datasets since they expect to learn…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Li Wang , Rongzhi Gu , Weiji Zhuang , Peng Gao , Yujun Wang , Yuexian Zou

Few-shot keyword spotting (KWS) aims to detect unknown keywords with limited training samples. A commonly used approach is the pre-training and fine-tuning framework. While effective in clean conditions, this approach struggles with mixed…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Junming Yuan , Ying Shi , LanTian Li , Dong Wang , Askar Hamdulla

A keyword spotting (KWS) system determines the existence of, usually predefined, keyword in a continuous speech stream. This paper presents a query-by-example on-device KWS system which is user-specific. The proposed system consists of two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-15 Byeonggeun Kim , Mingu Lee , Jinkyu Lee , Yeonseok Kim , Kyuwoong Hwang

Learning to recognize new keywords with just a few examples is essential for personalizing keyword spotting (KWS) models to a user's choice of keywords. However, modern KWS models are typically trained on large datasets and restricted to a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-07 Abhijeet Awasthi , Kevin Kilgour , Hassan Rom

Using audio and text embeddings jointly for Keyword Spotting (KWS) has shown high-quality results, but the key challenge of how to semantically align two embeddings for multi-word keywords of different sequence lengths remains largely…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-09 Kumari Nishu , Minsik Cho , Devang Naik

Few-shot keyword spotting (FS-KWS) models usually require large-scale annotated datasets to generalize to unseen target keywords. However, existing KWS datasets are limited in scale and gathering keyword-like labeled data is costly…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-06 Seunghan Yang , Byeonggeun Kim , Kyuhong Shim , Simyung Chang

This paper introduces neural architecture search (NAS) for the automatic discovery of small models for keyword spotting (KWS) in limited resource environments. We employ a differentiable NAS approach to optimize the structure of…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-12-21 David Peter , Wolfgang Roth , Franz Pernkopf

Fixed-point (FXP) inference has proven suitable for embedded devices with limited computational resources, and yet model training is continually performed in floating-point (FLP). FXP training has not been fully explored and the non-trivial…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-08 Sashank Macha , Om Oza , Alex Escott , Francesco Caliva , Robbie Armitano , Santosh Kumar Cheekatmalla , Sree Hari Krishnan Parthasarathi , Yuzong Liu

User-defined keyword spotting (KWS) is crucial for personalized voice interaction, yet existing methods face several challenges: (1) insufficient discriminability among confusable words, (2) performance inconsistency across speakers with…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-22 Zhiqi Ai , Han Cheng , Shiyi Mu , Xinnuo Li , Yongjin Zhou , Shugong Xu

Keyword spotting (KWS) aims to discriminate a specific wake-up word from other signals precisely and efficiently for different users. Recent works utilize various deep networks to train KWS models with all users' speech data centralized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Xin-Chun Li , Jin-Lin Tang , Shaoming Song , Bingshuai Li , Yinchuan Li , Yunfeng Shao , Le Gan , De-Chuan Zhan

Most of the existing neural-based models for keyword spotting (KWS) in smart devices require thousands of training samples to learn a decent audio representation. However, with the rising demand for smart devices to become more…