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Keyword Spotting (KWS) systems with small footprint models deployed on edge devices face significant accuracy and robustness challenges due to domain shifts caused by varying noise and recording conditions. To address this, we propose a…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Prakash Dhungana , Sayed Ahmad Salehi

Keyword spotting (KWS) is experiencing an upswing due to the pervasiveness of small electronic devices that allow interaction with them via speech. Often, KWS systems are speaker-independent, which means that any person --user or not--…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-06-27 Iván López-Espejo , Zheng-Hua Tan , Jesper Jensen

Keyword Spotting plays a critical role in enabling hands-free interaction for battery-powered edge devices. Few-Shot Keyword Spotting (FS-KWS) addresses the scalability and adaptability challenges of traditional systems by enabling…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-09 Alican Gok , Oguzhan Buyuksolak , Osman Erman Okman , Murat Saraclar

Deep neural networks provide effective solutions to small-footprint keyword spotting (KWS). However, if training data is limited, it remains challenging to achieve robust and highly accurate KWS in real-world scenarios where unseen sounds…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-14 Menglong Xu , Shengqiang Li , Chengdong Liang , Xiao-Lei Zhang

Detecting occurrences of keywords with keyword spotting (KWS) systems requires thresholding continuous detection scores. Selecting appropriate thresholds is a non-trivial task, typically relying on optimizing performance on a validation…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-23 Kevin Wilkinghoff , Alessia Cornaggia-Urrigshardt , Zheng-Hua Tan

In this paper, we aim to improve the robustness of Keyword Spotting (KWS) systems in noisy environments while keeping a small memory footprint. We propose a new convolutional neural network (CNN) called FCA-Net, which combines mixer…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-30 Yuanxi Lin , Yuriy Evgenyevich Gapanyuk

Keyword Spotting (KWS) remains challenging to achieve the trade-off between small footprint and high accuracy. Recently proposed metric learning approaches improved the generalizability of models for the KWS task, and 1D-CNN based KWS…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-08-13 Li Wang , Rongzhi Gu , Nuo Chen , Yuexian Zou

Models based on attention mechanisms have shown unprecedented speech recognition performance. However, they are computationally expensive and unnecessarily complex for keyword spotting, a task targeted to small-footprint devices. This work…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-02 Biel Tura , Santiago Escuder , Ferran Diego , Carlos Segura , Jordi Luque

Thanks to Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), the accuracy of Keyword Spotting (KWS) has made substantial progress. However, as KWS systems are usually implemented on edge devices, energy efficiency becomes a critical requirement besides…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Shuai Wang , Dehao Zhang , Kexin Shi , Yuchen Wang , Wenjie Wei , Jibin Wu , Malu Zhang

In this paper, we investigate representation learning for low-resource keyword spotting (KWS). The main challenges of KWS are limited labeled data and limited available device resources. To address those challenges, we explore…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Fan Cui , Liyong Guo , Quandong Wang , Peng Gao , Yujun Wang

Catastrophic forgetting is a thorny challenge when updating keyword spotting (KWS) models after deployment. To tackle such challenges, we propose a progressive continual learning strategy for small-footprint spoken keyword spotting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Yizheng Huang , Nana Hou , Nancy F. Chen

Keyword spotting (KWS) is a key enabling technology for hands-free interaction in embedded and IoT devices, where stringent memory and energy constraints challenge the deployment of AI-enabeld devices. In this work, we systematically…

Spoken keyword spotting (KWS) aims to identify keywords in audio for wide applications, especially on edge devices. Current small-footprint KWS systems focus on efficient model designs. However, their inference performance can decline in…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-21 Yang Xiao , Tianyi Peng , Yanghao Zhou , Rohan Kumar Das

The Transformer architecture has been successful across many domains, including natural language processing, computer vision and speech recognition. In keyword spotting, self-attention has primarily been used on top of convolutional or…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-11 Axel Berg , Mark O'Connor , Miguel Tairum Cruz

Large size models are implemented in recently ASR system to deal with complex speech recognition problems. The num- ber of parameters in these models makes them hard to deploy, especially on some resource-short devices such as car tablet.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-10 Sihao Xue , Zhenyi Ying , Fan Mo , Min Wang , Jue Sun

Keyword Spotting (KWS) from speech signals is widely applied to perform fully hands-free speech recognition. The KWS network is designed as a small-footprint model so it can continuously be active. Recent efforts have explored dynamic…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-25 Donghyeon Kim , Kyungdeuk Ko , Jeonggi Kwak , David K. Han , Hanseok Ko

In this paper, we investigated a speech augmentation based unsupervised learning approach for keyword spotting (KWS) task. KWS is a useful speech application, yet also heavily depends on the labeled data. We designed a CNN-Attention…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Jian Luo , Jianzong Wang , Ning Cheng , Haobin Tang , Jing Xiao

Designing an efficient keyword spotting (KWS) system that delivers exceptional performance on resource-constrained edge devices has long been a subject of significant attention. Existing KWS search algorithms typically follow a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-21 Yu Xi , Hao Li , Baochen Yang , Haoyu Li , Hainan Xu , Kai Yu

Keyword spotting (KWS) is an important technique for speech applications, which enables users to activate devices by speaking a keyword phrase. Although a phoneme classifier can be used for KWS, exploiting a large amount of transcribed data…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-23 Takuya Higuchi , Anmol Gupta , Chandra Dhir

Conversational agents commonly utilize keyword spotting (KWS) to initiate voice interaction with the user. For user experience and privacy considerations, existing approaches to KWS largely focus on accuracy, which can often come at the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-30 Christin Jose , Joseph Wang , Grant P. Strimel , Mohammad Omar Khursheed , Yuriy Mishchenko , Brian Kulis