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Related papers: Restricted Positional Games

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Positional games are a branch of combinatorics, researching a variety of two-player games, ranging from popular recreational games such as Tic-Tac-Toe and Hex, to purely abstract games played on graphs and hypergraphs. It is closely…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-04-11 Michael Krivelevich

Simple board games, like Tic-Tac-Toe and CONNECT-4, play an important role not only in the development of mathematical and logical skills, but also in the emotional and social development. In this paper, we address the problem of generating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-11-25 Umair Z. Ahmed , Krishnendu Chatterjee , Sumit Gulwani

Positional games are a well-studied class of combinatorial game. In their usual form, two players take turns to play moves in a set (`the board'), and certain subsets are designated as `winning': the first person to occupy such a set wins…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-07-12 J. Robert Johnson , Imre Leader , Mark Walters

The classical Maker-Breaker positional game is played on a board which is a hypergraph $\mathcal{H}$, with two players, Maker and Breaker, alternately claiming vertices of $\mathcal{H}$ until all the vertices are claimed. When the game…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Guillaume Bagan , Quentin Deschamps , Florian Galliot , Mirjana Mikalački , Nacim Oijid

Positional games are a mathematical class of two-player games comprising Tic-tac-toe and its generalizations. We propose a novel encoding of these games into Quantified Boolean Formulas (QBFs) such that a game instance admits a winning…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Valentin Mayer-Eichberger , Abdallah Saffidine

We propose a generalization of positional games, supplementing them with a restriction on the order in which the elements of the board are allowed to be claimed. We introduce poset positional games, which are positional games with an…

Positional games have been introduced by Hales and Jewett in 1963 and have been extensively investigated in the literature since then. These games are played on a hypergraph where two players alternately select an unclaimed vertex of it. In…

We introduce a new type of positional games, played on a vertex set of a graph. Given a graph $G$, two players claim vertices of $G$, where the outcome of the game is determined by the subgraphs of $G$ induced by the vertices claimed by…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-01-03 Gal Kronenberg , Adva Mond , Alon Naor

Ultimate Tic-Tac-Toe is a variant of the well known tic-tac-toe (noughts and crosses) board game. Two players compete to win three aligned "fields", each of them being a tic-tac-toe game. Each move determines which field the next player…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Guillaume Bertholon , Rémi Géraud-Stewart , Axel Kugelmann , Théo Lenoir , David Naccache

We introduce a general framework for positional games in which players score points by claiming a prescribed portion of each winning set, extending the notion of scoring Maker-Breaker games. In the scoring variant, Maker gains a point by…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Eric Duchêne , Valentin Gledel , Miloš Stojaković

We introduce achievement positional games, a convention for positional games which encompasses the Maker-Maker and Maker-Breaker conventions. We consider two hypergraphs, one red and one blue, on the same vertex set. Two players, Left and…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Florian Galliot , Jonas Sénizergues

Maker-Breaker games are played on a hypergraph $(X,\mathcal{F})$, where $\mathcal{F} \subseteq 2^X$ denotes the family of winning sets. Both players alternately claim a predefined amount of edges (called bias) from the board $X$, and Maker…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-10-01 Dennis Clemens , Fabian Hamann , Yannick Mogge , Olaf Parczyk

We study the parameterized complexity of several positional games. Our main result is that Short Generalized Hex is W[1]-complete parameterized by the number of moves. This solves an open problem from Downey and Fellows' influential list of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-04-28 Édouard Bonnet , Serge Gaspers , Antonin Lambilliotte , Stefan Rümmele , Abdallah Saffidine

Ultimate Tic-Tac-Toe is a variant of the popular Tic-Tac-Toe game. Two players compete to win three aligned "fields," with each field constituting its own miniature tic-tac-toe game. Each move determines which field the next player must…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2023-06-09 Justin Diamond

A general position set of a graph $G$ is a set of vertices $S$ in $G$ such that no three vertices from $S$ lie on a common shortest path. In this paper we introduce and study the general position achievement game. The game is played on a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-11-16 Sandi Klavžar , Neethu P. K. , Ullas Chandran S.

In this paper, we perform a minimalistic quantization of the classical game of tic-tac-toe, by allowing superpositions of classical moves. In order for the quantum game to reduce properly to the classical game, we require legal quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-19 J. N. Leaw , S. A. Cheong

We introduce the game of infinite Hex, extending the familiar finite game to natural play on the infinite hexagonal lattice. Whereas the finite game is a win for the first player, we prove in contrast that infinite Hex is a draw -- both…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-08-01 Joel David Hamkins , Davide Leonessi

The game of tic-tac-toe is well known. In particular, in its classic version it is famous for being unwinnable by either player. While classically it is played on a grid, it is natural to consider the effect of playing the game on richer…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-01-21 Peter Danziger , Melissa A. Huggan , Rehan Malik , Trent G. Marbach

We introduce an affine version of Tic-Tac-Toe played on the finite affine space $\mathbb{F}_q^m$. Two players alternately claim points, and the first player to occupy all points of an affine subspace of dimension $n$ wins. We call this the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-25 Luca Bastioni , Alessandro Giannoni , Javier Lobillo-Olmedo

Consider a $n \times n$ tic-tac-toe board. In each field of the board, draw a smaller $n\times n$ tic-tac-toe board. Now let super tic-tac-toe (STTT) be a game where each player's move dictates which field on the larger board a player must…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-06-16 Whitney George , Janine E. Janoski
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