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Related papers: Item Response Theory -- A Statistical Framework fo…

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Evaluating large language models (LLMs) on comprehensive benchmarks is a cornerstone of their development, yet it's often computationally and financially prohibitive. While Item Response Theory (IRT) offers a promising path toward…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Lele Liao , Qile Zhang , Ruofan Wu , Guanhua Fang

Most Item Response Theory (IRT) models for dichotomous responses are based on probit or logit link functions which assume a symmetric relationship between the probability of a correct response and the latent traits of individuals submitted…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-24 Flávio B. Gonçalves , Juliane Venturelli , Rosangela H. Loschi

This is the first in a series of papers that analyze college student beliefs in realms where common astronomy misconceptions are prevalent. Data was collected through administration of an inventory distributed at the end of an introductory…

Physics Education · Physics 2013-01-22 Andrej Favia , Neil F. Comins , Geoffrey L. Thorpe

Computerized adaptive tests (CATs) play a crucial role in educational assessment and diagnostic screening in behavioral health. Unlike traditional linear tests that administer a fixed set of pre-assembled items, CATs adaptively tailor the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-11 Jiguang Li , Robert Gibbons , Veronika Rockova

Dynamic Item Response Models extend the standard Item Response Theory (IRT) to capture temporal dynamics in learner ability. While these models have the potential to allow instructional systems to actively monitor the evolution of learner…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Yunsung Kim , Sreechan Sankaranarayanan , Chris Piech , Candace Thille

Improving our understanding of how humans perceive AI teammates is an important foundation for our general understanding of human-AI teams. Extending relevant work from cognitive science, we propose a framework based on item response theory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Markelle Kelly , Aakriti Kumar , Padhraic Smyth , Mark Steyvers

Knowing how test takers answer items in educational assessments is essential for test development, to evaluate item quality, and to improve test validity. However, this process usually requires extensive pilot studies with human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Andreas Säuberli , Diego Frassinelli , Barbara Plank

Item response theory (IRT) models typically rely on a normality assumption for subject-specific latent traits, which is often unrealistic in practice. Semiparametric extensions based on Dirichlet process mixtures offer a more flexible…

Item (question) difficulties play a crucial role in educational assessments, enabling accurate and efficient assessment of student abilities and personalization to maximize learning outcomes. Traditionally, estimating item difficulties can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Alexander Scarlatos , Nigel Fernandez , Christopher Ormerod , Susan Lottridge , Andrew Lan

Item response theory (IRT) is the statistical paradigm underlying a dominant family of generative probabilistic models for test responses, used to quantify traits in individuals relative to target populations. The graded response model…

Applications · Statistics 2022-05-03 Joshua C. Chang , Julia Porcino , Elizabeth K. Rasch , Larry Tang

In this paper we follow our previous research in the area of Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT). We present three different methods for CAT. One of them, the item response theory, is a well established method, while the other two, Bayesian…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2017-03-30 Martin Plajner

Automated short answer grading (ASAG) with large language models (LLMs) is commonly evaluated with aggregate metrics such as macro-F1 and Cohen's kappa. However, these metrics provide limited insight into how grading performance varies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Longwei Cong , Sonja Hahn , Sebastian Gombert , Leon Camus , Hendrik Drachsler , Ulf Kroehne

Semantics based knowledge representations such as ontologies are found to be very useful in automatically generating meaningful factual questions. Determining the difficulty level of these system generated questions is helpful to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-09-05 Vinu E. , P Sreenivasa Kumar

Comprehensive evaluations of language models (LM) during both development and deployment phases are necessary because these models possess numerous capabilities (e.g., mathematical reasoning, legal support, or medical diagnostic) as well as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Sang Truong , Yuheng Tu , Percy Liang , Bo Li , Sanmi Koyejo

Differential item functioning (DIF) arises alongside latent population heterogeneity in many applications, and both must be accounted for when assessing measurement invariance. In many practical settings, however, the comparison groups are…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-08 Gabriel Wallin , Qi Huang

In certain academic systems, a student can enroll for an exam immediately after the end of the teaching period or can postpone it to any later examination session, so that the grade is missing until the exam is not attempted. We propose an…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-09-22 Silvia Bacci , Francesco Bartolucci , Leonardo Grilli , Carla Rampichini

Psychological assessments commonly rely on rating-scale items, which require respondents to condense complex experiences into predefined categories. Although rich, unstructured text is often captured alongside these scales, it rarely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Joe Watson , Ivan O'Connor , Chia-Wen Chen , Luning Sun , Fang Luo , David Stillwell

Recent years have witnessed a surge in the number of large language models (LLMs), yet efficiently managing and utilizing these vast resources remains a significant challenge. In this work, we explore how to learn compact representations of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Jianhao Chen , Chenxu Wang , Gengrui Zhang , Peng Ye , Lei Bai , Wei Hu , Yuzhong Qu , Shuyue Hu

International Large-scale Assessments (ILSAs), such as the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) and the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), are cornerstone tools for global educational research and…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-05 Jing Ouyang , Yunxiao Chen , Chengcheng Li , Gongjun Xu

This paper explores the suitability of using automatically discovered topics from MOOC discussion forums for modelling students' academic abilities. The Rasch model from psychometrics is a popular generative probabilistic model that relates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-21 Jiazhen He , Benjamin I. P. Rubinstein , James Bailey , Rui Zhang , Sandra Milligan