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Item Response Theory (IRT) has been proposed within the field of Educational Psychometrics to assess student ability as well as test question difficulty and discrimination power. More recently, IRT has been applied to evaluate machine…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-08-01 Sevvandi Kandanaarachchi , Kate Smith-Miles

We propose a dyadic Item Response Theory (dIRT) model for measuring interactions of pairs of individuals when the responses to items represent the actions (or behaviors, perceptions, etc.) of each individual (actor) made within the context…

Applications · Statistics 2025-01-08 Brian Gin , Nicholas Sim , Anders Skrondal , Sophia Rabe-Hesketh

Item Response Theory (IRT) is a well known method for assessing responses from humans in education and psychology. In education, IRT is used to infer student abilities and characteristics of test items from student responses. Interactions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Antti Keurulainen , Isak Westerlund , Oskar Keurulainen , Andrew Howes

Analyses of heterogeneous treatment effects (HTE) are common in applied causal inference research. However, when outcomes are latent variables assessed via psychometric instruments such as educational tests, standard methods ignore the…

Item Response Theory (IRT) aims to assess latent abilities of respondents based on the correctness of their answers in aptitude test items with different difficulty levels. In this paper, we propose the $\beta^3$-IRT model, which models…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-06-04 Yu Chen , Telmo Silva Filho , Ricardo B. C. Prudêncio , Tom Diethe , Peter Flach

This paper introduces a flexible Bayesian nonparametric Item Response Theory (IRT) model, which applies to dichotomous or polytomous item responses, and which can apply to either unidimensional or multidimensional scaling. This is an…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-02-12 George Karabatsos

This paper presents a machine learning approach to multidimensional item response theory (MIRT), a class of latent factor models that can be used to model and predict student performance from observed assessment data. Inspired by…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-08 Yoav Bergner , Peter F. Halpin , Jill-Jênn Vie

Item Response Theory (IRT) and Factor Analysis (FA) are two major frameworks used to model multi-item measurements of latent traits. While the relationship between two-parameter IRT models and dichotomized FA models is well established, IRT…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-03 Ján Pavlech , Patrícia Martinková

Item response theory (IRT) models for categorical response data are widely used in the analysis of educational data, computerized adaptive testing, and psychological surveys. However, most IRT models rely on both the assumption that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-01-14 Ryan Ning , Andrew E. Waters , Christoph Studer , Richard G. Baraniuk

Robust validation of Machine Learning (ML) models is essential, but traditional data partitioning approaches often ignore the intrinsic quality of each instance. This study proposes the use of Item Response Theory (IRT) parameters to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Lucas Cardoso , Vitor Santos , José Ribeiro Filho , Ricardo Prudêncio , Regiane Kawasaki , Ronnie Alves

Many statisticians regularly teach large lecture courses on statistics, probability, or mathematics for students from other fields such as business and economics, social sciences and psychology, etc. The corresponding exams often use a…

Applications · Statistics 2025-10-06 Achim Zeileis

We propose a class of Item Response Theory models for items with ordinal polytomous responses, which extends an existing class of multidimensional models for dichotomously-scored items measuring more than one latent trait. In the proposed…

Methodology · Statistics 2012-01-24 Silvia Bacci , Francesco Bartolucci , Michela Gnaldi

Item Response Theory (IRT) is a powerful statistical approach for evaluating test items and determining test taker abilities through response analysis. An IRT model that better fits the data leads to more accurate latent trait estimates. In…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-03 Joakim Wallmark , Maria Josefsson , Marie Wiberg

Educational assessments are valuable tools for measuring student knowledge and skills, but their validity can be compromised when test takers exhibit changes in response behavior due to factors such as time pressure. To address this issue,…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-06 Gabriel Wallin , Yunxiao Chen , Yi-Hsuan Lee , Xiaoou Li

The evaluation of large language models (LLMs) via benchmarks is widespread, yet inconsistencies between different leaderboards and poor separability among top models raise concerns about their ability to accurately reflect authentic model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Hongli Zhou , Hui Huang , Ziqing Zhao , Lvyuan Han , Huicheng Wang , Kehai Chen , Muyun Yang , Wei Bao , Jian Dong , Bing Xu , Conghui Zhu , Hailong Cao , Tiejun Zhao

Conceptual tests are widely used by physics instructors to assess students' conceptual understanding and compare teaching methods. It is common to look at students' changes in their answers between a pre-test and a post-test to quantify a…

Physics Education · Physics 2015-09-15 Brahim Lamine , Jean-François Parmentier

Item parameter estimation in pharmacometric item response theory (IRT) models is predominantly performed using the Laplace estimation algorithm as implemented in NONMEM. In psychometrics a wide range of different software tools, including…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-18 Leticia Arrington , Sebastian Ueckert

The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of ChatGPT 3.5 in developing algorithms for data generation within the framework of Item Response Theory (IRT) using the R programming language. In this context, validity…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Hatice Gurdil , Yesim Beril Soguksu , Salih Salihoglu , Fatma Coskun

Incorporating Item Response Theory (IRT) into NLP tasks can provide valuable information about model performance and behavior. Traditionally, IRT models are learned using human response pattern (RP) data, presenting a significant bottleneck…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-02 John P. Lalor , Hao Wu , Hong Yu

Educational assessment relies heavily on knowing question difficulty, traditionally determined through resource-intensive pre-testing with students. This creates significant barriers for both classroom teachers and assessment developers. We…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Matias Hoyl