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Procedural Content Generation via Machine Learning (PCGML) has enhanced game content creation, yet challenges in controllability and limited training data persist. This study addresses these issues by distilling a constructive PCG algorithm…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Yuhe Nie , Michael Middleton , Tim Merino , Nidhushan Kanagaraja , Ashutosh Kumar , Zhan Zhuang , Julian Togelius

Procedural content generation via machine learning (PCGML) has shown success at producing new video game content with machine learning. However, the majority of the work has focused on the production of static game content, including game…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Nazanin Yousefzadeh Khameneh , Matthew Guzdial

Reward design plays a pivotal role in the training of game AIs, requiring substantial domain-specific knowledge and human effort. In recent years, several studies have explored reward generation for training game agents and controlling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 In-Chang Baek , Sung-Hyun Kim , Sam Earle , Zehua Jiang , Jin-Ha Noh , Julian Togelius , Kyung-Joong Kim

Procedural content generation via machine learning (PCGML) is typically framed as the task of fitting a generative model to full-scale examples of a desired content distribution. This approach presents a fundamental tension: the more design…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-13 Isaac Karth , Adam M. Smith

Behavior trees (BTs) are a popular method for modeling NPC and enemy AI behavior and have been widely used in commercial games. In this work, rather than use BTs to model game playing agents, we use them for modeling game design agents,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-10-11 Anurag Sarkar , Seth Cooper

The paper presents the PCGPT framework, an innovative approach to procedural content generation (PCG) using offline reinforcement learning and transformer networks. PCGPT utilizes an autoregressive model based on transformers to generate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Sajad Mohaghegh , Mohammad Amin Ramezan Dehnavi , Golnoosh Abdollahinejad , Matin Hashemi

Procedural content generation in video games has a long history. Existing procedural content generation methods, such as search-based, solver-based, rule-based and grammar-based methods have been applied to various content types such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Jialin Liu , Sam Snodgrass , Ahmed Khalifa , Sebastian Risi , Georgios N. Yannakakis , Julian Togelius

In recent years, machine learning (ML) systems have been increasingly applied for performing creative tasks. Such creative ML approaches have seen wide use in the domains of visual art and music for applications such as image and music…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Anurag Sarkar , Seth Cooper

Recently, the emergence of large language models (LLMs) has unlocked new opportunities for procedural content generation. However, recent attempts mainly focus on level generation for specific games with defined game rules such as Super…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Chengpeng Hu , Yunlong Zhao , Jialin Liu

Procedural Content Generation (PCG) methods are valuable tools to speed up the game development process. Moreover, PCG may also present in games as features, such as the procedural dungeon generation (PDG) in Moonlighter (Digital Sun,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-04-08 Breno M. F. Viana , Leonardo T. Pereira , Claudio F. M. Toledo

The attempt to utilize machine learning in PCG has been made in the past. In this survey paper, we investigate how generative artificial intelligence (AI), which saw a significant increase in interest in the mid-2010s, is being used for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Xinyu Mao , Wanli Yu , Kazunori D Yamada , Michael R. Zielewski

The past decade has seen a rapid increase in the level of research interest in procedural content generation (PCG) for digital games, and there are now numerous research avenues focused on new approaches for driving and applying PCG…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Oliver Withington , Laurissa Tokarchuk

Procedural content generation uses algorithmic techniques to create large amounts of new content for games at much lower production costs. In newer approaches, procedural content generation utilizes machine learning. However, these methods…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Davor Hafnar , Jure Demšar

Many advancements have been made in procedural content generation for games, and with mixed-initiative co-creativity, have the potential for great benefits to human designers. However, co-creative systems for game generation are typically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Rohan Agarwal , Zhiyu Lin , Mark Riedl

Procedural content generation (PCG) is of great interest to game design and development as it generates game content automatically. Motivated by the recent learning-based PCG framework and other existing PCG works, we propose an alternative…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-11-03 Peizhi Shi , Ke Chen

We present initial research towards procedural generation of Simplified Boardgames and translating them into an efficient GDL code. This is a step towards establishing Simplified Boardgames as a comparison class for General Game Playing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-08-04 Jakub Kowalski , Marek Szykuła

Procedural Content Generation via Reinforcement Learning (PCGRL) has been introduced as a means by which controllable designer agents can be trained based only on a set of computable metrics acting as a proxy for the level's quality and key…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Sam Earle , Zehua Jiang , Julian Togelius

We introduce a procedural content generation (PCG) framework at the intersections of experience-driven PCG and PCG via reinforcement learning, named ED(PCG)RL, EDRL in short. EDRL is able to teach RL designers to generate endless playable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Tianye Shu , Jialin Liu , Georgios N. Yannakakis

Procedural content generation (PCG) is a growing field, with numerous applications in the video game industry and great potential to help create better games at a fraction of the cost of manual creation. However, much of the work in PCG is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Michael Beukman , Manuel Fokam , Marcel Kruger , Guy Axelrod , Muhammad Nasir , Branden Ingram , Benjamin Rosman , Steven James

Procedural content generation (PCG) has become an increasingly popular technique in game development, allowing developers to generate dynamic, replayable, and scalable environments with reduced manual effort. In this study, a novel method…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Miraç Buğra Özkan