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In confirmatory clinical trials, survival outcomes are frequently studied and interim analyses for efficacy and/or futility are often desirable. Methods such as the log rank test and Cox regression model are commonly used to compare…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-27 Peter Zhang , Brent Logan , Michael Martens

Bipartite Experiments are randomized experiments where the treatment is applied to a set of units (randomization units) that is different from the units of analysis, and randomization units and analysis units are connected through a…

We present improved methods for calculating confidence intervals and $p$-values in situations where standard asymptotic approaches fail due to small sample sizes. We apply these techniques to a specific class of statistical model that can…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2024-01-11 Enzo Canonero , Alessandra Rosalba Brazzale , Glen Cowan

A hypothesis testing and an interval estimation are studied for the common mean of several lognormal populations. Two methods are given based on the concept of generalized p-value and generalized confidence interval. These new methods are…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2014-05-06 Javad Behboodian , Ali Akbar Jafari

Recent advances have shown that statistical tests for the rank of cross-covariance matrices play an important role in causal discovery. These rank tests include partial correlation tests as special cases and provide further graphical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Xinshuai Dong , Ignavier Ng , Boyang Sun , Haoyue Dai , Guang-Yuan Hao , Shunxing Fan , Peter Spirtes , Yumou Qiu , Kun Zhang

Replicability is a lynchpin for credible discoveries. The partial conjunction (PC) p-value, which combines individual base p-values from multiple similar studies, can gauge whether a feature of interest exhibits replicated signals across…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-29 Ninh Tran , Dennis Leung

Large language models (LLMs) used for multiple-choice and pairwise evaluation tasks often exhibit selection bias due to non-semantic factors like option positions and label symbols. Existing inference-time debiasing is costly and may harm…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jinquan Zheng , Jia Yuan , Jiacheng Yao , Chenyang Gu , Pujun Zheng , Guoxiu He

Diagnostic accuracy studies assess sensitivity and specificity of a new index test in relation to an established comparator or the reference standard. The development and selection of the index test is usually assumed to be conducted prior…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-08-30 Max Westphal , Antonia Zapf

The widely used proportional hazard assumption cannot be assessed reliably in small-scale clinical trials and might often in fact be unjustified, e.g. due to delayed treatment effects. An alternative to the hazard ratio as effect measure is…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-08-29 David Jesse , Cynthia Huber , Tim Friede

Composite likelihood inference has gained much popularity thanks to its computational manageability and its theoretical properties. Unfortunately, performing composite likelihood ratio tests is inconvenient because of their awkward…

Computation · Statistics 2014-08-01 Manuela Cattelan , Nicola Sartori

We introduce a method for validation of results obtained by clustering analysis of data. The method is based on resampling the available data. A figure of merit that measures the stability of clustering solutions against resampling is…

Computational Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Erel Levine , Eytan Domany

Vast literature on experimental design extends from Fisher and Snedecor to the modern day. When data lies beyond the assumption of univariate normality, nonparametric methods including rank based statistics and permutation tests are…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-05-30 Adam B Kashlak , Sergii Myroshnychenko , Susanna Spektor

Cluster-randomized experiments are widely used due to their logistical convenience and policy relevance. To analyze them properly, we must address the fact that the treatment is assigned at the cluster level instead of the individual level.…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-06 Fangzhou Su , Peng Ding

Conformalized multiple testing offers a model-free way to control predictive uncertainty in decision-making. Existing methods typically use only part of the available data to build score functions tailored to specific settings. We propose a…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-22 Yuyang Huo , Xiaoyang Wu , Changliang Zou , Haojie Ren

This paper concerns the construction of confidence intervals in standard seroprevalence surveys. In particular, we discuss methods for constructing confidence intervals for the proportion of individuals in a population infected with a…

Applications · Statistics 2021-10-05 Thomas J. DiCiccio , David M. Ritzwoller , Joseph P. Romano , Azeem M. Shaikh

Invariance-based randomization tests -- such as permutation tests, rotation tests, or sign changes -- are an important and widely used class of statistical methods. They allow drawing inferences under weak assumptions on the data…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-05-31 Edgar Dobriban

Consider testing multiple hypotheses using tests that can only be evaluated by simulation, such as permutation tests or bootstrap tests. This article introduces MMCTest, a sequential algorithm which gives, with arbitrarily high probability,…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-10-17 Axel Gandy , Georg Hahn

Hypothesis testing of random forest (RF) variable importance measures (VIMP) remains the subject of ongoing research. Among recent developments, heuristic approaches to parametric testing have been proposed whose distributional assumptions…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-07-20 Alexander Hapfelmeier , Roman Hornung , Bernhard Haller

Cluster-randomized experiments are increasingly used to evaluate interventions in routine practice conditions, and researchers often adopt model-based methods with covariate adjustment in the statistical analyses. However, the validity of…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-12-08 Bingkai Wang , Chan Park , Dylan S. Small , Fan Li

This paper studies the high-dimensional mixed linear regression (MLR) where the output variable comes from one of the two linear regression models with an unknown mixing proportion and an unknown covariance structure of the random…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-11-10 Linjun Zhang , Rong Ma , T. Tony Cai , Hongzhe Li