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Large Language Model (LLM) agents are deployed in complex environments -- such as massive codebases, enterprise databases, and conversational histories -- where the relevant state far exceeds their context windows. To navigate these spaces,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Chinmaya Kausik , Adith Swaminathan , Nathan Kallus

Deep reinforcement learning has demonstrated remarkable achievements across diverse domains such as video games, robotic control, autonomous driving, and drug discovery. Common methodologies in partially-observable domains largely lean on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Michael Lanier , Ying Xu , Nathan Jacobs , Chongjie Zhang , Yevgeniy Vorobeychik

Levin Tree Search (LTS) is a search algorithm that makes use of a policy (a probability distribution over actions) and comes with a theoretical guarantee on the number of expansions before reaching a goal node, depending on the quality of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Laurent Orseau , Marcus Hutter , Levi H. S. Lelis

Exploration in reinforcement learning (RL) remains an open challenge. RL algorithms rely on observing rewards to train the agent, and if informative rewards are sparse the agent learns slowly or may not learn at all. To improve exploration…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Simone Parisi , Alireza Kazemipour , Michael Bowling

Human coordination often relies on the ability to influence the beliefs of others through strategic action. In multi-agent reinforcement learning, opponent shaping attempts to replicate this influence, though existing methods typically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Aarav G Sane , Karthik Sivachandran , Rohan Paleja

Self-supervised goal proposal and reaching is a key component for exploration and efficient policy learning algorithms. Such a self-supervised approach without access to any oracle goal sampling distribution requires deep exploration and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-04-28 Homanga Bharadhwaj , Animesh Garg , Florian Shkurti

Spatial query and analysis results are often directly applied to decision-making processes such as facility location, proximity resource discovery, accessibility analysis, and risk assessment. Therefore, the efficiency of underlying spatial…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Zhongpu Chen , Yikai Dong , Wanjun Hao

Agentic search enables LLMs to solve complex multi-hop questions through iterative reasoning and external search. Despite the effectiveness, these systems often suffer from a critical limitation in practice: agents fail to recognize their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yunbo Tang , Chengyi Yang , Shiyu Liu , Zhishang Xiang , Zerui Chen , Qinggang Zhang , Jinsong Su

Deep reinforcement learning is a technique for solving problems in a variety of environments, ranging from Atari video games to stock trading. This method leverages deep neural network models to make decisions based on observations of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Anthony Dowling

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as agents that interact with users and with the world. To do so successfully, LLMs must construct representations of the world and form probabilistic beliefs about them. To provide…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Linlu Qiu , Fei Sha , Kelsey Allen , Yoon Kim , Tal Linzen , Sjoerd van Steenkiste

Guided policy search algorithms can be used to optimize complex nonlinear policies, such as deep neural networks, without directly computing policy gradients in the high-dimensional parameter space. Instead, these methods use supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-07-18 William Montgomery , Sergey Levine

Enabling robots to learn novel visuomotor skills in a data-efficient manner remains an unsolved problem with myriad challenges. A popular paradigm for tackling this problem is through leveraging large unlabeled datasets that have many…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Maximilian Du , Suraj Nair , Dorsa Sadigh , Chelsea Finn

Adapting an agent's behaviour to new environments has been one of the primary focus areas of physics based reinforcement learning. Although recent approaches such as universal policy networks partially address this issue by enabling the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Buddhika Laknath Semage , Thommen George Karimpanal , Santu Rana , Svetha Venkatesh

How can researchers identify beliefs that large language models (LLMs) hide? As LLMs become more sophisticated and the prevalence of alignment faking increases, combined with their growing integration into high-stakes decision-making,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Maxim Chupilkin

Decision making under uncertainty is at the heart of any autonomous system acting with imperfect information. The cost of solving the decision making problem is exponential in the action and observation spaces, thus rendering it unfeasible…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Tom Yotam , Vadim Indelman

As search depth increases in autonomous reasoning and embodied planning, candidate action spaces expand exponentially, often exhausting computational budgets. While heuristic pruning is a critical countermeasure, existing approaches lack…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Tianhao Qian

In the competitive landscape of sponsored search, balancing retrieval quality with production latency is a critical challenge. While large retrieval models based on Small Language Models (SLMs) such as Qwen3-Embedding-4B/8B set strong upper…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Vipul Gupta , Shikhar Mohan , Lakshya Kumar , Pranjal Chitale , Nikit Begwani , Amit Singh , Manik Varma

Standard value function approaches to finding policies for Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) are generally considered to be intractable for large models. The intractability of these algorithms is to a large extent a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-10-05 N. Roy , G. Gordon , S. Thrun

Large language models (LLMs) can exhibit advanced reasoning yet still generate incorrect answers. We hypothesize that such errors frequently stem from spurious beliefs, propositions the model internally considers true but are incorrect. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Ayana Niwa , Masahiro Kaneko , Kentaro Inui

Large language models (LLMs) are probabilistic in nature and perform more reliably when augmented with external information. As complex queries often require multi-step reasoning over the retrieved information, with no clear or…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Roxana Petcu , Evangelos Kanoulas , Maarten de Rijke
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