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Zero-shot coordination (ZSC) -- the ability to collaborate with unfamiliar partners -- is essential to making autonomous agents effective teammates. Existing ZSC methods evaluate coordination capabilities between two agents who have not…

We consider the problem of zero-shot coordination - constructing AI agents that can coordinate with novel partners they have not seen before (e.g. humans). Standard Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) methods typically focus on the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-13 Hengyuan Hu , Adam Lerer , Alex Peysakhovich , Jakob Foerster

Zero-shot coordination (ZSC) is a new cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) challenge that aims to train an ego agent to work with diverse, unseen partners during deployment. The significant difference between the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Xihuai Wang , Shao Zhang , Wenhao Zhang , Wentao Dong , Jingxiao Chen , Ying Wen , Weinan Zhang

Zero-shot coordination (ZSC) is a popular setting for studying the ability of reinforcement learning (RL) agents to coordinate with novel partners. Prior ZSC formulations assume the $\textit{problem setting}$ is common knowledge: each agent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Usman Anwar , Ashish Pandian , Jia Wan , David Krueger , Jakob Foerster

Many Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) agents fail to adapt properly to cooperating with agents trained with the same objectives but different seeds, algorithms, or other training differences. This is the problem of Zero-Shot…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Keenan Powell , Peihong Yu , Pratap Tokekar

The standard problem setting in cooperative multi-agent settings is self-play (SP), where the goal is to train a team of agents that works well together. However, optimal SP policies commonly contain arbitrary conventions ("handshakes") and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Brandon Cui , Hengyuan Hu , Luis Pineda , Jakob N. Foerster

Cooperative Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) algorithms with Zero-Shot Coordination (ZSC) have gained significant attention in recent years. ZSC refers to the ability of agents to coordinate zero-shot (without additional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Hadi Nekoei , Xutong Zhao , Janarthanan Rajendran , Miao Liu , Sarath Chandar

Generating agents that can achieve zero-shot coordination (ZSC) with unseen partners is a new challenge in cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). Recently, some studies have made progress in ZSC by exposing the agents to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Ke Xue , Yutong Wang , Cong Guan , Lei Yuan , Haobo Fu , Qiang Fu , Chao Qian , Yang Yu

Cooperative artificial intelligence with human or superhuman proficiency in collaborative tasks stands at the frontier of machine learning research. Prior work has tended to evaluate cooperative AI performance under the restrictive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Keane Lucas , Ross E. Allen

Effective communication is an important skill for enabling information exchange in multi-agent settings and emergent communication is now a vibrant field of research, with common settings involving discrete cheap-talk channels. Since, by…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Kalesha Bullard , Douwe Kiela , Franziska Meier , Joelle Pineau , Jakob Foerster

Zero-shot coordination (ZSC) aims to enable agents to cooperate with independently trained partners without prior interaction, a key requirement for real-world multi-agent systems and human-AI collaboration. Existing approaches have largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Mingu Kang , Sunwoo Lee , Yonghyeon Jo , Seungyul Han

Zero-shot coordination (ZSC), the ability to adapt to a new partner in a cooperative task, is a critical component of human-compatible AI. While prior work has focused on training agents to cooperate on a single task, these specialized…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Kunal Jha , Wilka Carvalho , Yancheng Liang , Simon S. Du , Max Kleiman-Weiner , Natasha Jaques

Over these years, multi-agent reinforcement learning has achieved remarkable performance in multi-agent planning and scheduling tasks. It typically follows the self-play setting, where agents are trained by playing with a fixed group of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Lebin Yu , Yunbo Qiu , Quanming Yao , Xudong Zhang , Jian Wang

Zero-shot classification (ZSC) is the task of learning predictors for classes not seen during training. Although the different methods in the literature are evaluated using the same class splits, little is known about their stability under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Matías Molina , Jorge Sánchez

AI agents hold the potential to transform everyday life by helping humans achieve their goals. To do this successfully, agents need to be able to coordinate with novel partners without prior interaction, a setting known as zero-shot…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Tobias Gessler , Tin Dizdarevic , Ani Calinescu , Benjamin Ellis , Andrei Lupu , Jakob Nicolaus Foerster

Zero-shot coordination(ZSC), a key challenge in multi-agent game theory, has become a hot topic in reinforcement learning (RL) research recently, especially in complex evolving games. It focuses on the generalization ability of agents,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Bingyu Hui , Lebin Yu , Quanming Yao , Yunpeng Qu , Xudong Zhang , Jian Wang

We study the decentralized multi-player stochastic bandit problem over a continuous, Lipschitz-structured action space where hard collisions yield zero reward. Our objective is to design a communication-free policy that maximizes collective…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Sourav Chakraborty , Amit Kiran Rege , Claire Monteleoni , Lijun Chen

In multi-agent problems requiring a high degree of cooperation, success often depends on the ability of the agents to adapt to each other's behavior. A natural solution concept in such settings is the Stackelberg equilibrium, in which the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Robert Loftin , Mustafa Mert Çelikok , Herke van Hoof , Samuel Kaski , Frans A. Oliehoek

Securing coordination between AI agent and teammates (human players or AI agents) in contexts involving unfamiliar humans continues to pose a significant challenge in Zero-Shot Coordination. The issue of cooperative incompatibility becomes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Yang Li , Shao Zhang , Jichen Sun , Wenhao Zhang , Yali Du , Ying Wen , Xinbing Wang , Wei Pan

Many real-world strategic games involve interactions between multiple players. We study a hierarchical multi-player game structure, where players with asymmetric roles can be separated into leaders and followers, a setting often referred to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Yaolong Yu , Haifeng Xu , Haipeng Chen
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