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Automated Market Makers (AMMs) are an integral component of the decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem, as they allow users to exchange crypto-assets without the need for trusted authorities or external price oracles. Although these…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Daniele Pusceddu , Massimo Bartoletti

The always-available liquidity of automated market makers (AMMs) has been one of the most important catalysts in early cryptocurrency adoption. However, it has become increasingly evident that AMMs in their current form are not viable…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Conor McMenamin , Vanesa Daza , Bruno Mazorra

Constant function market makers (CFMMs) such as Uniswap, Balancer, Curve, and mStable, among many others, make up some of the largest decentralized exchanges on Ethereum and other blockchains. Because all transactions are public in current…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Guillermo Angeris , Alex Evans , Tarun Chitra

This paper compares mathematical models for automated market makers including logarithmic market scoring rule (LMSR), liquidity sensitive LMSR (LS-LMSR), constant product/mean/sum, and others. It is shown that though LMSR may not be a good…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2024-05-21 Yongge Wang

Market equilibria of matching markets offer an intuitive and fair solution for matching problems without money with agents who have preferences over the items. Such a matching market can be viewed as a variation of Fisher market, albeit…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-04-03 Saeed Alaei , Pooya Jalaly , Eva Tardos

Cryptocurrencies employ auction-esque transaction fee mechanisms (TFMs) to allocate transactions to blocks, and to determine how much fees miners can collect from transactions. Several impossibility results show that TFMs that satisfy a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Yotam Gafni , Aviv Yaish

Automated Market Makers (AMMs) are essential in Decentralized Finance (DeFi) as they match liquidity supply with demand. They function through liquidity providers (LPs) who deposit assets into liquidity pools. However, the asset trading…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-01 Viraj Nadkarni , Sanjeev Kulkarni , Pramod Viswanath

This work focuses on the mathematical study of constant function market makers. We rigorously establish the conditions for optimal trading under the assumption of a quasilinear, but not necessarily convex (or concave), trade function. This…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-05-14 C. Escudero , F. Lara , M. Sama

AMMs are autonomous smart contracts deployed on a blockchain that make markets between different assets that live on that chain. In this paper we are examining a specific class of AMMs called Constant Function Market Makers whose trading…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2021-11-18 Stefan Loesch , Nate Hindman , Mark B Richardson , Nicholas Welch

We study the problem of optimal liquidity withdrawal for a representative liquidity provider (LP) in an automated market maker (AMM). LPs earn fees from trading activity but are exposed to impermanent loss (IL) due to price fluctuations.…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-10-21 Philippe Bergault , Sébastien Bieber , Leandro Sánchez-Betancourt

Automated market makers (AMMs) are automata that trade electronic assets at rates set by mathematical formulas. AMMs are usually implemented by smart contracts on blockchains. In practice, AMMs are often composed: and outputs from AMMs can…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Daniel Engel , Maurice Herlihy

We consider an exchange who wishes to set suitable make-take fees to attract liquidity on its platform. Using a principal-agent approach, we are able to describe in quasi-explicit form the optimal contract to propose to a market maker. This…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2019-11-27 Omar El Euch , Thibaut Mastrolia , Mathieu Rosenbaum , Nizar Touzi

Concentrated liquidity automated market makers (AMMs), such as Uniswap v3, enable liquidity providers (LPs) to earn liquidity rewards by depositing tokens into liquidity pools. However, LPs often face significant financial losses driven by…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-04-24 Simon Caspar Zeller , Paul-Niklas Ken Kandora , Daniel Kirste , Niclas Kannengießer , Steffen Rebennack , Ali Sunyaev

Constant product markets with concentrated liquidity (CL) are the most popular type of automated market makers. In this paper, we characterise the continuous-time wealth dynamics of strategic LPs who dynamically adjust their range of…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-06-14 Álvaro Cartea , Fayçal Drissi , Marcello Monga

Automated Market Makers (AMMs) are used to provide liquidity for combinatorial prediction markets that would otherwise be too thinly traded. They offer both buy and sell prices for any of the doubly exponential many possible securities that…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Maneesha Papireddygari , Xintong Wang , Bo Waggoner , David M. Pennock

Automated market makers (AMM) have grown to obtain significant market share within the cryptocurrency ecosystem, resulting in a proliferation of new products pursuing exotic strategies for horizontal differentiation. Yet, their theoretical…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2021-05-07 Johannes Rude Jensen , Mohsen Pourpouneh , Kurt Nielsen , Omri Ross

This paper mathematically models a constant-function automated market maker (CFAMM) position as a portfolio of exotic options, known as perpetual American continuous-installment (CI) options. This model replicates an AMM position's delta at…

Automated market makers (AMMs) are one of the most prominent decentralized finance (DeFi) applications. AMMs allow users to trade different types of crypto-tokens, without the need to find a counter-party. There are several implementations…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Massimo Bartoletti , James Hsin-yu Chiang , Alberto Lluch-Lafuente

This paper studies liquid staking tokens (LSTs) on automated market makers (AMMs), both theoretically and empirically. LSTs are tokenized representations of staked assets on proof-of-stake blockchains. First, we model LST-liquidity on AMMs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Krzysztof Gogol , Robin Fritsch , Malte Schlosser , Johnnatan Messias , Benjamin Kraner , Claudio Tessone

We investigate the market microstructure of Automated Market Makers (AMMs), the most prominent type of blockchain-based decentralized exchanges. We show that the order execution mechanism yields token value loss for liquidity providers if…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2021-07-22 Agostino Capponi , Ruizhe Jia