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Automated testing is essential for evaluating and improving the reliability of Large Language Models (LLMs), yet the lack of automated oracles for verifying output correctness remains a key challenge. We present LLMORPH, an automated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Steven Cho , Stefano Ruberto , Valerio Terragni

Metamorphic testing (MT) is a simple yet effective technique to alleviate the oracle problem in software testing. The underlying idea of MT is to test a software system by checking whether metamorphic relations (MRs) hold among multiple…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-31 An Fu , Chang-ai Sun , Jiaming Zhang , Huai Liu

Machine learning may enable the automated generation of test oracles. We have characterized emerging research in this area through a systematic literature review examining oracle types, researcher goals, the ML techniques applied, how the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Afonso Fontes , Gregory Gay

Deep learning models are widely used for image analysis. While they offer high performance in terms of accuracy, people are concerned about if these models inappropriately make inferences using irrelevant features that are not encoded from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Yongqiang Tian , Shiqing Ma , Ming Wen , Yepang Liu , Shing-Chi Cheung , Xiangyu Zhang

Testing has been widely recognised as difficult for AI applications. This paper proposes a set of testing strategies for testing machine learning applications in the framework of the datamorphism testing methodology. In these strategies,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-27 Hong Zhu , Ian Bayley

Metamorphic testing is a well known approach to tackle the oracle problem in software testing. This technique requires the use of source test cases that serve as seeds for the generation of follow-up test cases. Systematic design of test…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-02-22 Prashanta Saha , Upulee Kanewala

Metamorphic testing (MT) is a widely recognized technique for alleviating the oracle problem in software testing. However, its adoption is hindered by the difficulty of constructing effective metamorphic relations (MRs), which often require…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Congying Xu , Hengcheng Zhu , Songqiang Chen , Jiarong Wu , Valerio Terragni , Shing-Chi Cheung

We engineer a new probabilistic Monte-Carlo algorithm for isomorphism testing. Most notably, as opposed to all other solvers, it implicitly exploits the presence of symmetries without explicitly computing them. We provide extensive…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-11-19 Markus Anders , Pascal Schweitzer

In this paper, we present the Metamorphic Testing of an in-use deep learning based forecasting application. The application looks at the past data of system characteristics (e.g. `memory allocation') to predict outages in the future. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-17 Anurag Dwarakanath , Manish Ahuja , Sanjay Podder , Silja Vinu , Arijit Naskar , Koushik MV

Recent advances in deep neural networks (DNNs) have led to object detectors that can rapidly process pictures or videos, and recognize the objects that they contain. Despite the promising progress by industrial manufacturers such as Amazon…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Shuai Wang , Zhendong Su

This paper evaluates the use of metamorphic relations to enhance the robustness and real-world performance of machine learning models. We propose a Metamorphic Retraining Framework, which applies metamorphic relations to data and utilizes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Said Togru , Youssef Sameh Mostafa , Karim Lotfy

Metamorphic testing (MT) alleviates the oracle problem by checking metamorphic relations (MRs) across multiple test executions. The fault detection effectiveness of MT is influenced not only by the choice and quality of MRs, but also by how…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Zenghui Zhou , Pak-Lok Poon , Zheng Zheng , Xiao-Yi Zhang

Ensuring the safety of self-driving cars remains a major challenge due to the complexity and unpredictability of real-world driving environments. Traditional testing methods face significant limitations, such as the oracle problem, which…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Tony Zhang , Burak Kantarci , Umair Siddique

Assessing the trustworthiness of Large Language Models (LLMs), such as robustness, has garnered significant attention. Recently, metamorphic testing that defines Metamorphic Relations (MRs) has been widely applied to evaluate the robustness…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Sangwon Hyun , Shaukat Ali , M. Ali Babar

This paper presents a novel predictive model, MetaMorph, for metamorphic registration of images with appearance changes (i.e., caused by brain tumors). In contrast to previous learning-based registration methods that have little or no…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Jian Wang , Jiarui Xing , Jason Druzgal , William M. Wells , Miaomiao Zhang

Genetic programming is an evolutionary approach known for its performance in program synthesis. However, it is not yet mature enough for a practical use in real-world software development, since usually many training cases are required to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-23 Dominik Sobania , Martin Briesch , Philipp Röchner , Franz Rothlauf

With the rapid growth of the applications of machine learning (ML) and other artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, adequate testing has become a necessity to ensure their quality. This paper identifies the characteristics of AI…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-12-12 Hong Zhu , Dongmei Liu , Ian Bayley , Rachel Harrison , Fabio Cuzzolin

In this paper, a practicable simulation-free model order reduction method by nonlinear moment matching is developed. Based on the steady-state interpretation of linear moment matching, we comprehensively explain the extension of this…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-20 Maria Cruz Varona , Raphael Gebhart , Julian Suk , Boris Lohmann

Developing and fielding complex systems requires proof that they are reliably correct with respect to their design and operating requirements. Especially for autonomous systems which exhibit unanticipated emergent behavior, fully…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Matthew Litton , Doron Drusinsky , James Bret Michael

This paper presents and investigates a novel methodology for validating high-resolution ocean models using satellite imagery. High-resolution ocean models provide detailed information in coastal areas where other available data products are…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-01-28 G. Garcia-Sanchez , A. M. Mancho , A. G. Ramos , J. Coca , J. A. Jimenez-Madrid