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Context: Predicting human trajectories is crucial for the safety and reliability of autonomous systems, such as automated vehicles and mobile robots. However, rigorously testing the underlying multimodal Human Trajectory Prediction (HTP)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Helge Spieker , Nadjib Lazaar , Arnaud Gotlieb , Nassim Belmecheri

Metamorphic Testing (MT) addresses the test oracle problem by examining the relations between inputs and outputs of test executions. Such relations are known as Metamorphic Relations (MRs). In current practice, identifying and selecting…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-28 Alejandra Duque-Torres , Dietmar Pfahl , Rudolf Ramler , Claus Klammer

Metamorphic testing (MT) is a general approach for the testing of a specific kind of software systems -- so-called ``non-testable'', where the ``classical'' testing approaches are difficult to apply. MT is an effective approach for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-11-23 Nasser Alzahrani , Maria Spichkova , James Harland

Metamorphic Testing (MT) is a testing technique that can effectively alleviate the oracle problem. MT uses Metamorphic Relations (MRs) to determine if a test case passes or fails. MRs specify how the outputs should vary in response to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Alejandra Duque-Torres , Dietmar Pfahl , Claus Klammer , Stefan Fischer

Self-driving cars have the potential to revolutionize transportation, but ensuring their safety remains a significant challenge. These systems must navigate a variety of unexpected scenarios on the road, and their complexity poses…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Tony Zhang , Burak Kantarci , Umair Siddique

A test oracle determines whether a system behaves correctly for a given input. Automatic testing techniques rely on an automated test oracle to test the system without user interaction. Important families of automated test oracles include…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Manuel Rigger , Zhendong Su

In many industrial domains, the Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) is used to exchange simulation models as Functional Mock-up Units (FMUs) across different partners using various modelling tools. This opens up the possibilities for…

Metamorphic Testing (MT) alleviates the oracle problem by defining oracles based on metamorphic relations (MRs), that govern multiple related inputs and their outputs. However, designing MRs is challenging, as it requires domain-specific…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Congying Xu , Valerio Terragni , Hengcheng Zhu , Jiarong Wu , Shing-Chi Cheung

Identifying and selecting high-quality Metamorphic Relations (MRs) is a challenge in Metamorphic Testing (MT). While some techniques for automatically selecting MRs have been proposed, they are either domain-specific or rely on strict…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-05 Alejandra Duque-Torres , Dietmar Pfahl , Claus Klammer , Stefan Fischer

Unsupervised machine learning is the training of an artificial intelligence system using information that is neither classified nor labeled, with a view to modeling the underlying structure or distribution in a dataset. Since unsupervised…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-03-18 Xiaoyuan Xie , Zhiyi Zhang , Tsong Yueh Chen , Yang Liu , Pak-Lok Poon , Baowen Xu

Large language models (LLMs) have introduced substantial challenges to software quality assurance due to their generative, probabilistic, and open-ended nature, which intensifies the oracle problem and limits the applicability of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Zheng Zheng , Zenghui Zhou , Yinwang Xu , Daixu Ren , Tsong Yueh Chen

This paper presents an automated tool called Morphy for datamorphic testing. It classifies software test artefacts into test entities and test morphisms, which are mappings on testing entities. In addition to datamorphisms, metamorphisms…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-12-23 Hong Zhu , Ian Bayley , Dongmei Liu , Xiaoyu Zheng

To improve the security and robustness of autonomous driving models, this paper presents SMET, a scenariobased metamorphic testing tool for autonomous driving models. The metamorphic relationship is divided into three dimensions (time,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-04-09 Haiyang Ao , Ya Pan

Autonomous driving has gained much attention from both industry and academia. Currently, Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are widely used for perception and control in autonomous driving. However, several fatal accidents caused by autonomous…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Yao Deng , Xi Zheng , Tianyi Zhang , Guannan Lou , Huai liu , Miryung Kim , Tsong Yueh Chen

We have recently witnessed tremendous success of Machine Learning (ML) in practical applications. Computer vision, speech recognition and language translation have all seen a near human level performance. We expect, in the near future, most…

The prediction of human trajectories is important for planning in autonomous systems that act in the real world, e.g. automated driving or mobile robots. Human trajectory prediction is a noisy process, and no prediction does precisely match…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Helge Spieker , Nassim Belmecheri , Arnaud Gotlieb , Nadjib Lazaar

This article discusses the challenges of testing software systems with increasingly integrated AI and LLM functionalities. LLMs are powerful but unreliable, and labeled ground truth for testing rarely scales. Metamorphic Testing solves this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Valerio Terragni

Although the security testing of Web systems can be automated by generating crafted inputs, solutions to automate the test oracle, i.e., vulnerability detection, remain difficult to apply in practice. Specifically, though previous work has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Nazanin Bayati Chaleshtari , Yoann Marquer , Fabrizio Pastore , Lionel C. Briand

Due to the ever-increasing complexity of income tax laws in the United States, the number of US taxpayers filing their taxes using tax preparation software (henceforth, tax software) continues to increase. According to the U.S. Internal…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Dananjay Srinivas , Rohan Das , Saeid Tizpaz-Niari , Ashutosh Trivedi , Maria Leonor Pacheco

With the widespread application of LLM-based dialogue systems in daily life, quality assurance has become more important than ever. Recent research has successfully introduced methods to identify unexpected behaviour in single-turn testing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Guoxiang Guo , Aldeida Aleti , Neelofar Neelofar , Chakkrit Tantithamthavorn , Yuanyuan Qi , Tsong Yueh Chen