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Synchronous generators and inverter-based resources are complex systems with dynamics that cut across multiple intertwined physical domains and control loops. Modeling individual generators and inverters is, in itself, a very involved…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-26 D. Venkatramanan , Manish K. Singh , Olaolu Ajala , Alejandro Dominguez-Garcia , Sairaj Dhople

Deviations of grid frequency from the nominal frequency are an indicator of the global imbalance between genera- tion and load. Two types of control, a distributed propor- tional control and a centralized integral control, are cur- rently…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2012-11-20 Krishnamurthy Dvijotham , Michael Chertkov , Scott Backhaus

We present a hardware-based validation of angular droop control for grid-forming DC/AC converters, a control strategy that establishes active power-to-angle droop. Angular droop control enables exact frequency regulation at steady state,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-11 Taouba Jouini , Jan Wachter , Sophie An , Veit Hagenmeyer

The electric power system is witnessing a shift in the technology of generation. Conventional thermal generation based on synchronous machines is gradually being replaced by power electronics interfaced renewable generation. This new mode…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-01-24 Bala Kameshwar Poolla , Dominic Groß , Florian Dörfler

With the gradual transformation of power generation towards renewables, distributed energy resources are becoming more and more relevant for grid stabilization. In order to involve all participants in the joint solution of this challenging…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-12-18 Lukas Kölsch , Katharina Wieninger , Stefan Krebs , Sören Hohmann

In this paper, frequency dynamics in modern power systems with a high penetration of converter-based generation is analysed. A fundamental analysis of the frequency dynamics is performed to identify the limitations and challenges when the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-26 Carlos Collados-Rodriguez , Daniel Westerman Spier , Marc Cheah-Mane , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

We present a method to design distributed generation and demand control schemes for primary frequency regulation in power networks that guarantee asymptotic stability and ensure fairness of allocation. We impose a passivity condition on net…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-02-10 Andreas Kasis , Eoin Devane , Ioannis Lestas

This paper addresses the following fundamental research question: how does the integration of grid-forming inverters (GFMs) replacing conventional synchronous generators (SGs) impact the slow coherent eigen-structure and the low-frequency…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-27 Sayak Mukherjee , Ramij Raja Hossain , Kaustav Chatterjee , Soumya Kundu , Kyung-Bin Kwon , Sameer Nekkalapu , Marcelo Elizondo

Large-scale integration of inverter-based resources into power grids worldwide is challenging their stability and security. This paper takes a closer look at synchronous condensers as a solution to mitigate stability challenges caused by…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-06 Amir Sajadi , Barry Mather , Bri-Mathias Hodge

Rotational inertia is stabilizing the frequency of electric power systems against small and large disturbances, but it is also the cause for oscillations between generators. As more and more conventional generators are replaced by renewable…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-05-10 Theodor Borsche , Florian Dörfler

In recent years, virtual oscillator control, particularly the Andronov-Hopf oscillator (AHO), has received widespread attention for controlling grid-forming (GFM) inverters due to their superior dynamic response. However, traditional AHO…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-10 Hamed Rezazadeh , Mohammad Monfared , Meghdad Fazeli , Saeed Golestan

The paper presents a theoretical study on small-signal stability and damping in bulk power systems with multiple grid-forming inverter-based storage resources. A detailed analysis is presented, characterizing the impacts of inverter droop…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-06 Kaustav Chatterjee , Ramij Raja Hossain , Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Soumya Kundu , Subhrajit Sinha , Diane Baldwin , Ronald Melton

This paper presents an improved droop control method to ensure effective power sharing, voltage regulation, and frequency stabilization of inverter-based resources (IBRs) connected in parallel in an islanded AC microgrid. In the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-31 Ayobami Olajube , Koto Omiloli , Satish Vedula , Olugbenga Anubi

This paper studies enhanced droop-free control strategies with sparse neighboring communication for achieving effective active power sharing of distributed energy resources (DERs) while maintaining the frequency stability of islanded…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-05 Weipeng Liu , Upendra Prasad , Yutian Liu , Yong Dong , Haoran Zhao , Lei Wu

The rapid proliferation of data centers is reshaping modern power system dynamics. Unlike legacy industrial loads, data centers have power-electronic interfaces whose multi-timescale dynamics can interact strongly with the grid, inducing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-09 Xingyu Zhao , Junbo Zhao

Hybrid systems combine both discrete and continuous state dynamics. Power electronic inverters are inherently hybrid systems: they are controlled via discrete-valued switching inputs which determine the evolution of the continuous-valued…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-02 Gabriel E. Colón-Reyes , Kaylene C. Stocking , Duncan S. Callaway , Claire J. Tomlin

As renewable sources increasingly replace existing conventional generation, the dynamics of the grid drastically changes, posing new challenges for transmission system operations, but also arising new opportunities as converter-based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-11-11 Alessandro Crivellaro , Ali Tayyebi , Catalin Gavriluta , Dominic Groß , Adolfo Anta , Friederich Kupzog , Florian Dörfler

This work investigates the transient and dynamical behavior of hybrid AC/DC systems using dual-port grid-forming (GFM) control. A generalized modeling framework for hybrid AC/DC networks is first introduced that accounts for converter,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-16 Irina Subotić , Dominic Groß , Alexander Winkens , Julian Jansen , Florian Klein-Helmkamp , Andreas Ulbig

The grid-following and grid-forming controls in voltage-source converters are considered as different operation modes and the synchronization mechanism of them are studied separately. In this article, the intrinsic relationships between…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-08 Kaizhe Zhang

For power grids predominantly featuring large synchronous generators (SGs), there exists a significant body of work bridging optimization and control tasks. A generic workflow in such efforts entails: characterizing the steady state of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-13 Manish K. Singh , D. Venkatramanan , Sairaj Dhople