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In this paper, we prove the universal consistency of wide and deep ReLU neural network classifiers trained on the logistic loss. We also give sufficient conditions for a class of probability measures for which classifiers based on neural…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-01 Hyunouk Ko , Xiaoming Huo

We describe a necessary and sufficient condition for the convergence to minimum Bayes risk when training two-layer ReLU-networks by gradient descent in the mean field regime with omni-directional initial parameter distribution. This article…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2020-05-28 Stephan Wojtowytsch

We study the training of deep neural networks by gradient descent where floating-point arithmetic is used to compute the gradients. In this framework and under realistic assumptions, we demonstrate that it is highly unlikely to find ReLU…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Clemens Karner , Vladimir Kazeev , Philipp Christian Petersen

Deep neural networks (DNNs) trained with the logistic loss (i.e., the cross entropy loss) have made impressive advancements in various binary classification tasks. However, generalization analysis for binary classification with DNNs and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-23 Zihan Zhang , Lei Shi , Ding-Xuan Zhou

The implicit bias induced by the training of neural networks has become a topic of rigorous study. In the limit of gradient flow and gradient descent with appropriate step size, it has been shown that when one trains a deep linear network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Thien Le , Stefanie Jegelka

Despite remarkable performance on a variety of tasks, many properties of deep neural networks are not yet theoretically understood. One such mystery is the depth degeneracy phenomenon: the deeper you make your network, the closer your…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-18 Cameron Jakub , Mihai Nica

It has been shown that gradient descent can yield the zero training loss in the over-parametrized regime (the width of the neural networks is much larger than the number of data points). In this work, combining the ideas of some existing…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-11-05 Lei Li

In many numerical simulations stochastic gradient descent (SGD) type optimization methods perform very effectively in the training of deep neural networks (DNNs) but till this day it remains an open problem of research to provide a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-26 Martin Hutzenthaler , Arnulf Jentzen , Katharina Pohl , Adrian Riekert , Luca Scarpa

We analyze recurrent neural networks with diagonal hidden-to-hidden weight matrices, trained with gradient descent in the supervised learning setting, and prove that gradient descent can achieve optimality \emph{without} massive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Semih Cayci , Atilla Eryilmaz

The optimization foundations of deep linear networks have recently received significant attention. However, due to their inherent non-convexity and hierarchical structure, analyzing the loss functions of deep linear networks remains a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-24 Po Chen , Rujun Jiang , Peng Wang

In this paper we study the problem of learning Rectified Linear Units (ReLUs) which are functions of the form $max(0,<w,x>)$ with $w$ denoting the weight vector. We study this problem in the high-dimensional regime where the number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-08-03 Mahdi Soltanolkotabi

While deep learning is successful in a number of applications, it is not yet well understood theoretically. A satisfactory theoretical characterization of deep learning however, is beginning to emerge. It covers the following questions: 1)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Tomaso Poggio , Andrzej Banburski , Qianli Liao

Overparameterized ML models, including neural networks, typically induce underdetermined training objectives with multiple global minima. The implicit bias refers to the limiting global minimum that is attained by a common optimization…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-06 Kuo-Wei Lai , Guanghui Wang , Molei Tao , Vidya Muthukumar

A main puzzle of deep networks revolves around the absence of overfitting despite large overparametrization and despite the large capacity demonstrated by zero training error on randomly labeled data. In this note, we show that the dynamics…

We study gradient flows for loss landscapes of fully connected feedforward neural networks with commonly used continuously differentiable activation functions such as the logistic, hyperbolic tangent, softplus or GELU function. We prove…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Julian Kranz , Davide Gallon , Steffen Dereich , Arnulf Jentzen

In this paper, we show that although the minimizers of cross-entropy and related classification losses are off at infinity, network weights learned by gradient flow converge in direction, with an immediate corollary that network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Ziwei Ji , Matus Telgarsky

Modern supervised learning techniques, particularly those using deep nets, involve fitting high dimensional labelled data sets with functions containing very large numbers of parameters. Much of this work is empirical. Interesting phenomena…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-05-30 Partha P Mitra

Gradient descent (GD) type optimization schemes are the standard methods to train artificial neural networks (ANNs) with rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation. Such schemes can be considered as discretizations of gradient flows (GFs)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Arnulf Jentzen , Adrian Riekert

We study the convergence dynamics of Gradient Descent (GD) in a minimal binary classification setting, consisting of a two-neuron ReLU network and two training instances. We prove that even under these strong simplifying assumptions, while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Guy Smorodinsky , Sveta Gimpleson , Itay Safran

The question of how and why the phenomenon of mode connectivity occurs in training deep neural networks has gained remarkable attention in the research community. From a theoretical perspective, two possible explanations have been proposed:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Quynh Nguyen , Pierre Brechet , Marco Mondelli