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An extensive literature in economics and social science addresses contests, in which players compete to outperform each other on some measurable criterion, often referred to as a player's score, or output. Players incur costs that are an…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2013-08-01 Leslie Ann Goldberg , Paul W. Goldberg , Piotr Krysta , Carmine Ventre

In this note, I introduce Estimated Performance Rating (PR$^e$), a novel system for evaluating player performance in sports and games. PR$^e$ addresses a key limitation of the Tournament Performance Rating (TPR) system, which is undefined…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2023-12-21 Mehmet S. Ismail

The task of ranking individuals or teams, based on a set of comparisons between pairs, arises in various contexts, including sporting competitions and the analysis of dominance hierarchies among animals and humans. Given data on which…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-21 M. E. J. Newman

Deciding which large language model (LLM) to use is a complex challenge. Pairwise ranking has emerged as a new method for evaluating human preferences for LLMs. This approach entails humans evaluating pairs of model outputs based on a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Roland Daynauth , Christopher Clarke , Krisztian Flautner , Lingjia Tang , Jason Mars

Rating strategies in a game is an important area of research in game theory and artificial intelligence, and can be applied to any real-world competitive or cooperative setting. Traditionally, only transitive dependencies between strategies…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Luke Marris , Marc Lanctot , Ian Gemp , Shayegan Omidshafiei , Stephen McAleer , Jerome Connor , Karl Tuyls , Thore Graepel

Marking and feedback are essential features of teaching and learning, across the overwhelming majority of educational settings and contexts. However, it can take a great deal of time and effort for teachers to mark assessments, and to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-04-06 Andy Gray , Alma Rahat , Tom Crick , Stephen Lindsay , Darren Wallace

Prediction and modelling of competitive sports outcomes has received much recent attention, especially from the Bayesian statistics and machine learning communities. In the real world setting of outcome prediction, the seminal \'{E}l\H{o}…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-01-30 Franz J. Király , Zhaozhi Qian

Collaborative competitions have gained popularity in the scientific and technological fields. These competitions involve defining tasks, selecting evaluation scores, and devising result verification methods. In the standard scenario,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Sergio Nava-Muñoz , Mario Graff , Hugo Jair Escalante

We propose a player rating mechanism for Counter-Strike: Global Offensive (CS ), a popular e-sport, by analyzing players' Plus/Minus values. The Plus/Minus value represents the average point difference between a player's team and the…

Applications · Statistics 2024-09-10 Hongyu Xu , Sarat Moka

Esports has emerged as a popular genre for players as well as spectators, supporting a global entertainment industry. Esports analytics has evolved to address the requirement for data-driven feedback, and is focused on cyber-athlete…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-11-20 Victoria Hodge , Sam Devlin , Nick Sephton , Florian Block , Anders Drachen , Peter Cowling

It was recently observed that Elo ratings fail at preserving transitive relations among strategies and therefore cannot correctly extract the transitive component of a game. We provide a characterization of transitive games as a weak…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Nelson Vadori , Rahul Savani

We suggest an improvement of the Elo rating system. Whereas Elo's theoretical background remains unaffected, we significantly change the way in which rating values are adjusted. It turns out that the modified system behaves much more…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2018-01-17 Fabian Langholf

We introduce LLM CHESS, an evaluation framework designed to probe the generalization of reasoning and instruction-following abilities in large language models (LLMs) through extended agentic interaction in the domain of chess. We rank over…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Sai Kolasani , Maxim Saplin , Nicholas Crispino , Kyle Montgomery , Jared Quincy Davis , Matei Zaharia , Chi Wang , Chenguang Wang

This paper studies competitions with rank-based reward among a large number of teams. Within each sizable team, we consider a mean-field contribution game in which each team member contributes to the jump intensity of a common Poisson…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Xiang Yu , Yuchong Zhang , Zhou Zhou

Many of the existing approaches to assess and predict the performance of players, teams or products in competitive contests rely on the assumption that comparisons occur between pairs of such entities. There are, however, several real…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-08-13 Jack Yeung , Daniel Kaiser , Filippo Radicchi

Real-world competitive games, such as chess, go, or StarCraft II, rely on Elo models to measure the strength of their players. Since these games are not fully transitive, using Elo implicitly assumes they have a strong transitive component…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Quentin Bertrand , Wojciech Marian Czarnecki , Gauthier Gidel

In daily fantasy sports, players enter into "contests" where they compete against each other by building teams of athletes that score fantasy points based on what actually occurs in a real-life sports match. For any given sports match,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Madiraju Srilakshmi , Kartavya Kothari , Kamlesh Marathe , Vedavyas Chigurupati , Hitesh Kapoor

To take the esports scene to the next level, we introduce PandaSkill, a framework for assessing player performance and skill rating. Traditional rating systems like Elo and TrueSkill often overlook individual contributions and face…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Maxime De Bois , Flora Parmentier , Raphaël Puget , Matthew Tanti , Jordan Peltier

Inspired by applications in sports where the skill of players or teams competing against each other varies over time, we propose a probabilistic model of pairwise-comparison outcomes that can capture a wide range of time dynamics. We…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-05-20 Lucas Maystre , Victor Kristof , Matthias Grossglauser

Rating systems play a vital role in the exponential growth of service-oriented markets. As highly rated online services usually receive substantial revenue in the markets, malicious sellers seek to boost their service evaluation by…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Xin Zhou , Shigeo Matsubara , Yuan Liu , Qidong Liu