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Assessing and comparing player skill in online multiplayer gaming environments is essential for fair matchmaking and player engagement. Traditional ranking models like Elo and Glicko-2, designed for two-player games, are insufficient for…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Vivek Joshy

Online competitive games have become a mainstream entertainment platform. To create a fair and exciting experience, these games use rating systems to match players with similar skills. While there has been an increasing amount of research…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Arman Dehpanah , Muheeb Faizan Ghori , Jonathan Gemmell , Bamshad Mobasher

In competitive games, strength ratings like Elo are widely used to quantify player skill and support matchmaking by accounting for skill disparities better than simple win rate statistics. However, scalar ratings cannot handle complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Chiu-Chou Lin , I-Chen Wu

We present a theoretical analysis of the Elo rating system, a popular method for ranking skills of players in an online setting. In particular, we study Elo under the Bradley--Terry--Luce model and, using techniques from Markov chain…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-06-11 Sam Olesker-Taylor , Luca Zanetti

We present a Bayesian rating system based on the method of paired comparisons. Our system is a flexible generalization of the well-known Glicko, and in particular can better accommodate games with significant elements of luck. Our system is…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-28 Alex Cowan

Ranking athletes by their performance in competitions and tournaments is common in every popular sport and has significant benefits that contribute to both the organization and strategic aspects of competitions. Although rankings are…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-08-28 Bogdán Asztalos , Boldizsár Balázs , Gergely Palla , Tamás Vicsek

This paper investigates the evaluation of learned multiagent strategies in the incomplete information setting, which plays a critical role in ranking and training of agents. Traditionally, researchers have relied on Elo ratings for this…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2020-01-13 Mark Rowland , Shayegan Omidshafiei , Karl Tuyls , Julien Perolat , Michal Valko , Georgios Piliouras , Remi Munos

In competitive games, it is common to assign each player a real number rating signifying their skill level. A rating system is a procedure by which player ratings are adjusted upwards each time they win, or downwards each time they lose.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Greg Bodwin , Forest Zhang

Competitive online games use rating systems to match players with similar skills to ensure a satisfying experience for players. In this paper, we focus on the importance of addressing different aspects of playing behavior when modeling…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Arman Dehpanah , Muheeb Faizan Ghori , Jonathan Gemmell , Bamshad Mobasher

The Elo algorithm, renowned for its simplicity, is widely used for rating in sports tournaments and other applications. However, despite its widespread use, a detailed understanding of the convergence characteristics of the Elo algorithm is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Daniel Gomes de Pinho Zanco , Leszek Szczecinski , Eduardo Vinicius Kuhn , Rui Seara

The Elo system for rating chess players, also used in other games and sports, was adopted by the World Chess Federation over four decades ago. Although not without controversy, it is accepted as generally reliable and provides a method for…

Physics and Society · Physics 2011-03-31 Trevor Fenner , Mark Levene , George Loizou

This study aims to provide a data-driven approach for empirically tuning and validating rating systems, focusing on the Elo system. Well-known rating frameworks, such as Elo, Glicko, TrueSkill systems, rely on parameters that are usually…

Applications · Statistics 2025-12-23 Shirsa Maitra , Tathagata Banerjee , Anushka De , Diganta Mukherjee , Tridib Mukherjee

From the viewpoint of networks, a ranking system for players or teams in sports is equivalent to a centrality measure for sports networks, whereby a directed link represents the result of a single game. Previously proposed network-based…

Physics and Society · Physics 2012-12-07 Shun Motegi , Naoki Masuda

Competitive online games use rating systems for matchmaking; progression-based algorithms that estimate the skill level of players with interpretable ratings in terms of the outcome of the games they played. However, the overall experience…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Arman Dehpanah , Muheeb Faizan Ghori , Jonathan Gemmell , Bamshad Mobasher

An important challenge in non-cooperative game theory is coordinating on a single (approximate) equilibrium from many possibilities - a challenge that becomes even more complex when players hold private information. Recommender mechanisms…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Bengisu Guresti , Chongjie Zhang , Yevgeniy Vorobeychik

Assessing the skill level of players to predict the outcome and to rank the players in a longer series of games is of critical importance for tournament play. Besides weaknesses, like an observed continuous inflation, through a steadily…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Stefan Edelkamp

This work is concerned with the rating of players/teams in face-to-face games with three possible outcomes: loss, win, and draw. This is one of the fundamental problems in sport analytics, where the very simple and popular, non-trivial…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-10-15 Leszek Szczecinski , Aymen Djebbi

Large language models perform surprisingly well on many zero-shot classification tasks, but are difficult to fairly compare to supervised classifiers due to the lack of a modifiable decision boundary. In this work, we propose and evaluate a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 WonJin Yoon , Ian Bulovic , Timothy A. Miller

Research communities have developed benchmark datasets across domains to compare the performance of algorithms and techniques However, tracking the progress in these research areas is not easy, as publications appear in different venues at…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Zhe Chen , Daniel Harabor , Ryan Hechnenberger , Nathan R. Sturtevant

Competition between a complex system's constituents and a corresponding reward mechanism based on it have profound influence on the functioning, stability, and evolution of the system. But determining the dominance hierarchy or ranking…

Physics and Society · Physics 2016-03-25 Juyong Park , Soon-Hyung Yook