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Related papers: Capturing Delayed Feedback in Conversion Rate Pred…

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Predicting conversion rates (CVRs) in display advertising (e.g., predicting the proportion of users who purchase an item (i.e., a conversion) after its corresponding ad is clicked) is important when measuring the effects of ads shown to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-02-02 Yuya Yoshikawa , Yusaku Imai

Estimating post-click conversion rate (CVR) accurately is crucial in E-commerce. However, CVR prediction usually suffers from three major challenges in practice: i) data sparsity: compared with impressions, conversion samples are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-25 Yanshi Wang , Jie Zhang , Qing Da , Anxiang Zeng

Alleviating the delayed feedback problem is of crucial importance for the conversion rate(CVR) prediction in online advertising. Previous delayed feedback modeling methods using an observation window to balance the trade-off between waiting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-16 Yu Chen , Jiaqi Jin , Hui Zhao , Pengjie Wang , Guojun Liu , Jian Xu , Bo Zheng

One of the difficulties of conversion rate (CVR) prediction is that the conversions can delay and take place long after the clicks. The delayed feedback poses a challenge: fresh data are beneficial to continuous training but may not have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-13 Siyu Gu , Xiang-Rong Sheng , Ying Fan , Guorui Zhou , Xiaoqiang Zhu

In display advertising, predicting the conversion rate (CVR), meaning the probability that a user takes a predefined action on an advertiser's website, is a fundamental task for estimating the value of displaying an advertisement to a user.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-05-20 Yuta Saito , Gota Morishita , Shota Yasui

In display advertising, predicting the conversion rate, that is, the probability that a user takes a predefined action on an advertiser's website, such as purchasing goods is fundamental in estimating the value of displaying the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-07 Shota Yasui , Gota Morishita , Komei Fujita , Masashi Shibata

Conversion rate (CVR) prediction is an essential task for large-scale e-commerce platforms. However, refund behaviors frequently occur after conversion in online shopping systems, which drives us to pay attention to effective conversion for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Yunfeng Zhao , Xu Yan , Xiaoqiang Gui , Shuguang Han , Xiang-Rong Sheng , Guoxian Yu , Jufeng Chen , Zhao Xu , Bo Zheng

Estimating post-click conversion rate (CVR) accurately is crucial for ranking systems in industrial applications such as recommendation and advertising. Conventional CVR modeling applies popular deep learning methods and achieves…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-04-25 Xiao Ma , Liqin Zhao , Guan Huang , Zhi Wang , Zelin Hu , Xiaoqiang Zhu , Kun Gai

Predicting the expected value or number of post-click conversions (purchases or other events) is a key task in performance-based digital advertising. In training a conversion optimizer model, one of the most crucial aspects is handling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Ashwinkumar Badanidiyuru , Andrew Evdokimov , Vinodh Krishnan , Pan Li , Wynn Vonnegut , Jayden Wang

Sales promotions, as short-term incentives to stimulate product purchases, play a pivotal role in modern e-commerce marketing strategies. During promotional events, user behavior patterns exhibit distinct characteristics compared to regular…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xin Song , Kaiyuan Li , Jinxin Hu

The prediction objectives of online advertisement ranking models are evolving from probabilistic metrics like conversion rate (CVR) to numerical business metrics like post-click gross merchandise volume (GMV). Unlike the well-studied…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Xinyu Li , Sishuo Chen , Guipeng Xv , Li Zhang , Mingxuan Luo , Zhangming Chan , Xiang-Rong Sheng , Han Zhu , Jian Xu , Chen Lin

Conversion rate prediction is critical to many online applications such as digital display advertising. To capture dynamic data distribution, industrial systems often require retraining models on recent data daily or weekly. However, the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Yifan Wang , Peijie Sun , Min Zhang , Qinglin Jia , Jingjie Li , Shaoping Ma

Predicting conversion rate (e.g., the probability that a user will purchase an item) is a fundamental problem in machine learning based recommender systems. However, accurate conversion labels are revealed after a long delay, which harms…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Jia-Qi Yang , De-Chuan Zhan

We consider training a binary classifier under delayed feedback (\emph{DF learning}). For example, in the conversion prediction in online ads, we initially receive negative samples that clicked the ads but did not buy an item; subsequently,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-13 Masahiro Kato , Shota Yasui

The task of predicting conversion rates (CVR) lies at the heart of online advertising systems aiming to optimize bids to meet advertiser performance requirements. Even with the recent rise of deep neural networks, these predictions are…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Alex Shtoff , Yohay Kaplan , Ariel Raviv

In industrial recommender systems, conversion rate (CVR) is widely used for traffic allocation, but it fails to fully reflect recommendation effectiveness because it ignores refund behavior. To better capture true user satisfaction and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Mingxuan Luo , Guipeng Xv , Sishuo Chen , Xinyu Li , Li Zhang , Zhangming Chan , Xiang-Rong Sheng , Han Zhu , Jian Xu , Bo Zheng , Chen Lin

In online advertising, it is highly important to predict the probability and the value of a conversion (e.g., a purchase). It not only impacts user experience by showing relevant ads, but also affects ROI of advertisers and revenue of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Hui Gao , Yihan Yang

Post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is a vital task in many recommender systems of revenue businesses, e.g., e-commerce and advertising. In a perspective of sample, a typical CVR positive sample usually goes through a funnel of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Wei Cheng , Yucheng Lu , Boyang Xia , Jiangxia Cao , Kuan Xu , Mingxing Wen , Wei Jiang , Jiaming Zhang , Zhaojie Liu , Liyin Hong , Kun Gai , Guorui Zhou

Post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is a critical task in e-commerce recommender systems. This task is deemed quite challenging under the industrial setting with two major issues: 1) selection bias caused by user self-selection, and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-04-07 Wenhao Zhang , Wentian Bao , Xiao-Yang Liu , Keping Yang , Quan Lin , Hong Wen , Ramin Ramezani

Delayed feedback poses a core challenge for online CVR prediction, forcing a trade-off between label accuracy and data freshness. Existing methods address this through delay modeling or sample reweighting, yet neglect how post-click…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Xinyue Zhang , Yuanhao Ding , Xiang Ao
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