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Conversion rate (CVR) prediction is one of the core components in online recommender systems, and various approaches have been proposed to obtain accurate and well-calibrated CVR estimation. However, we observe that a well-trained CVR…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Zhangming Chan , Yu Zhang , Shuguang Han , Yong Bai , Xiang-Rong Sheng , Siyuan Lou , Jiacen Hu , Baolin Liu , Yuning Jiang , Jian Xu , Bo Zheng

Post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is a fundamental task in developing effective recommender systems, yet it faces challenges from data sparsity and sample selection bias. To handle both challenges, the entire space multitask…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Hao Wang , Zhichao Chen , Zhaoran Liu , Haozhe Li , Degui Yang , Xinggao Liu , Haoxuan Li

Conversion rate (CVR) prediction plays an important role in advertising systems. Recently, supervised deep neural network-based models have shown promising performance in CVR prediction. However, they are data hungry and require an enormous…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Wentao Ouyang , Rui Dong , Xiuwu Zhang , Chaofeng Guo , Jinmei Luo , Xiangzheng Liu , Yanlong Du

Different from large-scale platforms such as Taobao and Amazon, CVR modeling in small-scale recommendation scenarios is more challenging due to the severe Data Distribution Fluctuation (DDF) issue. DDF prevents existing CVR models from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-29 Xiaofeng Pan , Ming Li , Jing Zhang , Keren Yu , Luping Wang , Hong Wen , Chengjun Mao , Bo Cao

The delayed feedback problem is one of the imperative challenges in online advertising, which is caused by the highly diversified feedback delay of a conversion varying from a few minutes to several days. It is hard to design an appropriate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-16 Haoming Li , Feiyang Pan , Xiang Ao , Zhao Yang , Min Lu , Junwei Pan , Dapeng Liu , Lei Xiao , Qing He

One of the challenges in display advertising is that the distribution of features and click through rate (CTR) can exhibit large shifts over time due to seasonality, changes to ad campaigns and other factors. The predominant strategy to…

In recommender systems, post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is an essential task to model user preferences for items and estimate the value of recommendations. Sample selection bias (SSB) and data sparsity (DS) are two persistent…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Ke Fei , Xinyue Zhang , Jingjing Li

Recommender system, as an essential part of modern e-commerce, consists of two fundamental modules, namely Click-Through Rate (CTR) and Conversion Rate (CVR) prediction. While CVR has a direct impact on the purchasing volume, its prediction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Hong Wen , Jing Zhang , Yuan Wang , Fuyu Lv , Wentian Bao , Quan Lin , Keping Yang

Conversion and conversion rate (CVR) prediction play a critical role in efficient advertising decision-making. In past decades, although researchers have developed plenty of models for CVR prediction, the methodological evolution and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Tao Xue , Yanwu Yang , Panyu Zhai

The conversion rate (CVR) is a crucial metric for evaluating the effectiveness of platforms, as it quantifies the alignment of content with audience preferences. However, the limited nature of customers' conversion actions presents a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Guohao Cai , Jun Yuan , Zhenhua Dong

In the realm of online advertising, accurately predicting the conversion rate (CVR) is crucial for enhancing advertising efficiency and user satisfaction. This paper addresses the challenge of CVR prediction while adhering to user privacy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Kungang Li , Xiangyi Chen , Ling Leng , Jiajing Xu , Jiankai Sun , Behnam Rezaei

Recommender system is an essential part of online services, especially for e-commerce platform. Conversion Rate (CVR) prediction in RS plays a significant role in optimizing Gross Merchandise Volume (GMV) goal of e-commerce. However, CVR…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Shanshan Lyu , Qiwei Chen , Tao Zhuang , Junfeng Ge

Accurate post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is crucial for online advertising systems. Despite significant advances in causal approaches designed to address the Sample Selection Bias problem, CVR estimation still faces challenges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Huajian Feng , Guoxiao Zhang , Yadong Zhang , Yi We , Qiang Liu

In online advertising, conventional post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation models are trained using clicked samples. However, during online serving the models need to estimate for all impression ads, leading to the sample selection…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Zixuan Xu , Penghui Wei , Weimin Zhang , Shaoguo Liu , Liang Wang , Bo Zheng

Post-click Conversion Rate (CVR) prediction task plays an essential role in industrial applications, such as recommendation and advertising. Conventional CVR methods typically suffer from the data sparsity problem as they rely only on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Kai Ouyang , Wenhao Zheng , Chen Tang , Xuanji Xiao , Hai-Tao Zheng

Post-click conversion rate (CVR) is a reliable indicator of online customers' preferences, making it crucial for developing recommender systems. A major challenge in predicting CVR is severe selection bias, arising from users' inherent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Wenbo Hu , Xin Sun , Qiang liu , Le Wu , Liang Wang

The goal of online display advertising is to entice users to "convert" (i.e., take a pre-defined action such as making a purchase) after clicking on the ad. An important measure of the value of an ad is the probability of conversion. The…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-10-25 Abdollah Safari , Rachel MacKay Altman , Thomas M. Loughin

In digital advertising, Click-Through Rate (CTR) and Conversion Rate (CVR) are very important metrics for evaluating ad performance. As a result, ad event prediction systems are vital and widely used for sponsored search and display…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-04 Saeid Soheily Khah , Yiming Wu

Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction, crucial in applications like recommender systems and online advertising, involves ranking items based on the likelihood of user clicks. User behavior sequence modeling has marked progress in CTR…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Hengyu Zhang , Chang Meng , Wei Guo , Huifeng Guo , Jieming Zhu , Guangpeng Zhao , Ruiming Tang , Xiu Li

In most real-world online advertising systems, advertisers typically have diverse customer acquisition goals. A common solution is to use multi-task learning (MTL) to train a unified model on post-click data to estimate the conversion rate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Qinglin Jia , Zhaocheng Du , Chuhan Wu , Huifeng Guo , Ruiming Tang , Shuting Shi , Muyu Zhang