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In this paper, we propose computational approaches for the zero forcing problem, the connected zero forcing problem, and the problem of forcing a graph within a specified number of timesteps. Our approaches are based on a combination of…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2018-09-20 Boris Brimkov , Caleb C. Fast , Illya V. Hicks

Zero forcing is a graph coloring process that is used to model spreading phenomena in real-world scenarios. It can also be viewed as a single-player combinatorial game on a graph, where the player's goal is to select a subset of vertices of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-05 Aida Abiad , Maryam Moghaddas

In this paper, we study a dynamic coloring of the vertices of a graph $G$ that starts with an initial subset $S$ of colored vertices, with all remaining vertices being non-colored. At each discrete time interval, a colored vertex with…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-10-27 Randy Davila , Michael Henning

Connections between vital linkages and zero forcing are established. Specifically, the notion of a rigid linkage is introduced as a special kind of unique linkage and it is shown that spanning forcing paths of a zero forcing process form a…

Given a simple undirected graph $G$ and a positive integer $k$, the $k$-forcing number of $G$, denoted $F_k(G)$, is the minimum number of vertices that need to be initially colored so that all vertices eventually become colored during the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-01-27 David Amos , Yair Caro , Randy Davila , Ryan Pepper

Given a graph $G=(V,E)$ and a set of vertices marked as filled, we consider a color-change rule known as zero forcing. A set $S$ is a zero forcing set if filling $S$ and applying all possible instances of the color change rule causes all…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-08-16 Eric Ufferman , Nicolas Swanson

A dynamic coloring of the vertices of a graph $G$ starts with an initial subset $F$ of colored vertices, with all remaining vertices being non-colored. At each time step, a colored vertex with exactly one non-colored neighbor forces this…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-03-21 Meysam Alishahi , Elahe Rezaei-Sani , Elahe Sharifi

We introduce a new variant of zero forcing - signed zero forcing. The classical zero forcing number provides an upper bound on the maximum nullity of a matrix with a given graph (i.e. zero-nonzero pattern). Our new variant provides an…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-07-09 Felix Goldberg , Abraham Berman

A zero forcing set is a set $S$ of vertices of a graph $G$, called forced vertices of $G$, which are able to force the entire graph by applying the following process iteratively: At any particular instance of time, if any forced vertex has…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-06-22 Jessy Sujana G. , T. M. Rajalaxmi , Indra Rajasingh , R. Sundara Rajan

We consider two different problem families that deal with domination in graphs. On the one hand, we focus on dominating sequences. In such a sequence, every vertex dominates some vertex of the graph that was not dominated by any earlier…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Robert Scheffler

This paper begins the study of reconfiguration of zero forcing sets, and more specifically, the zero forcing graph. Given a base graph $G$, its zero forcing graph, $\mathscr{Z}(G)$, is the graph whose vertices are the minimum zero forcing…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-09-02 Jesse Geneson , Ruth Haas , Leslie Hogben

A dynamic coloring of the vertices of a graph $G$ starts with an initial subset $S$ of colored vertices, with all remaining vertices being non-colored. At each discrete time interval, a colored vertex with exactly one non-colored neighbor…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-01-17 Randy Davila , Michael Henning

Zero forcing parameters, associated with graphs, have been studied for over a decade, and have gained popularity as the number of related applications grows. In particular, it is well-known that such parameters are related to certain vertex…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-09-01 Shaun Fallat , Karen Meagher , Abolghasem Soltani , Boting Yang

The zero forcing number is a graph invariant introduced to study the minimum rank of the graph. In 2008, Aazami proved the NP-hardness of computing the zero forcing number of a simple undirected graph. We complete this NP-hardness result by…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-06-09 Maguy Trefois , Jean-Charles Delvenne

The pressing game on black-and-white graphs is the following: Given a graph $G(V,E)$ with its vertices colored with black and white, any black vertex $v$ can be pressed, which has the following effect: (a) all neighbors of $v$ change color,…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2013-03-28 Eliot Bixby , Toby Flint , István Miklós

Zero forcing and power domination are iterative processes on graphs where an initial set of vertices are observed, and additional vertices become observed based on some rules. In both cases, the goal is to eventually observe the entire…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-03-02 Daniela Ferrero , Leslie Hogben , Franklin H. J. Kenter , Michael Young

Vertex leaky forcing was recently introduced as a new variation of zero forcing in order to show how vertex leaks can disrupt the zero forcing process in a graph. An edge leak is an edge that is not allowed to be forced across during the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-09-16 Joseph S. Alameda , Juergen Kritschgau , Michael Young

Lazy burning is a recently introduced variation of burning where only one set of vertices is chosen to burn in the first round. In hypergraphs, lazy burning spreads when all but one vertex in a hyperedge is burned. The lazy burning number…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-12-06 Anthony Bonato , Caleb Jones , Trent G. Marbach , Teddy Mishura , Zhiyuan Zhang

A dynamic coloring of the vertices of a graph $G$ starts with an initial subset $S$ of colored vertices, with all remaining vertices being non-colored. At each discrete time interval, a colored vertex with exactly one non-colored neighbor…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-02-22 Randy Davila , Michael Henning

In this paper we introduce a class of regular bipartite graphs whose biadjacency matrices are circulant matrices and we describe some of their properties. Notably, we compute upper and lower bounds for the zero forcing number for such a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-11-29 Seth A. Meyer