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We study the problem of designing autonomous agents that can learn to cooperate effectively with a potentially suboptimal partner while having no access to the joint reward function. This problem is modeled as a cooperative episodic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Thomas Kleine Buening , Anne-Marie George , Christos Dimitrakakis

Multi-agent reinforcement learning typically suffers from the problem of sample inefficiency, where learning suitable policies involves the use of many data samples. Learning from external demonstrators is a possible solution that mitigates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Sriram Ganapathi Subramanian , Matthew E. Taylor , Kate Larson , Mark Crowley

Recent advances in learnable reward shaping have shown promise in single-agent reinforcement learning by automatically discovering effective feedback signals. However, the effectiveness of decentralized learnable reward shaping in…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Aditya Akella

In cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), efficient exploration is crucial for optimizing the performance of joint policy. However, existing methods often update joint policies via independent agent exploration, without…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Zejiao Liu , Junqi Tu , Yitian Hong , Luolin Xiong , Yaochu Jin , Yang Tang , Fangfei Li

We present trust region bounds for optimizing decentralized policies in cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), which holds even when the transition dynamics are non-stationary. This new analysis provides a theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Mingfei Sun , Sam Devlin , Jacob Beck , Katja Hofmann , Shimon Whiteson

In the last few years, deep multi-agent reinforcement learning (RL) has become a highly active area of research. A particularly challenging class of problems in this area is partially observable, cooperative, multi-agent learning, in which…

Cooperative multi-agent tasks require agents to deduce their own contributions with shared global rewards, known as the challenge of credit assignment. General methods for policy based multi-agent reinforcement learning to solve the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Lipeng Wan , Xuwei Song , Xuguang Lan , Nanning Zheng

Trust region methods rigorously enabled reinforcement learning (RL) agents to learn monotonically improving policies, leading to superior performance on a variety of tasks. Unfortunately, when it comes to multi-agent reinforcement learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Jakub Grudzien Kuba , Ruiqing Chen , Muning Wen , Ying Wen , Fanglei Sun , Jun Wang , Yaodong Yang

Multi-robot systems can benefit from reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms that learn behaviours in a small number of trials, a property known as sample efficiency. This research thus investigates the use of learned world models to improve…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Daniël Willemsen , Mario Coppola , Guido C. H. E. de Croon

Training agents in multi-agent competitive games presents significant challenges due to their intricate nature. These challenges are exacerbated by dynamics influenced not only by the environment but also by opponents' strategies. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 The Viet Bui , Tien Mai , Thanh Hong Nguyen

Proficient game agents with diverse play styles enrich the gaming experience and enhance the replay value of games. However, recent advancements in game AI based on reinforcement learning have predominantly focused on improving proficiency,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Lingfeng Li , Yunlong Lu , Yongyi Wang , Wenxin Li

In multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), independent learning (IL) often shows remarkable performance and easily scales with the number of agents. Yet, using IL can be inefficient and runs the risk of failing to successfully train,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-06-06 David Mguni , Haojun Chen , Taher Jafferjee , Jianhong Wang , Long Fei , Xidong Feng , Stephen McAleer , Feifei Tong , Jun Wang , Yaodong Yang

Almost all multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithms without communication follow the principle of centralized training with decentralized execution. During centralized training, agents can be guided by the same signals, such as the…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Zhiwei Xu , Bin Zhang , Dapeng Li , Zeren Zhang , Guangchong Zhou , Hao Chen , Guoliang Fan

We present a comparative study of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms for cooperative warehouse robotics. We evaluate QMIX and IPPO on the Robotic Warehouse (RWARE) environment and a custom Unity 3D simulation. Our…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Price Allman , Lian Thang , Dre Simmons , Salmon Riaz

This work considers the problem of learning cooperative policies in multi-agent settings with partially observable and non-stationary environments without a communication channel. We focus on improving information sharing between agents and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Eshagh Kargar , Ville Kyrki

Recent works have applied the Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) to the multi-agent cooperative tasks, such as Independent PPO (IPPO); and vanilla Multi-agent PPO (MAPPO) which has a centralized value function. However, previous literature…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Jian Hu , Siyue Hu , Shih-wei Liao

Policy optimization methods with function approximation are widely used in multi-agent reinforcement learning. However, it remains elusive how to design such algorithms with statistical guarantees. Leveraging a multi-agent performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Yulai Zhao , Zhuoran Yang , Zhaoran Wang , Jason D. Lee

Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning often requires decentralised policies, which severely limit the agents' ability to coordinate their behaviour. In this paper, we show that common knowledge between agents allows for complex…

We present a multi-agent actor-critic method that aims to implicitly address the credit assignment problem under fully cooperative settings. Our key motivation is that credit assignment among agents may not require an explicit formulation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Meng Zhou , Ziyu Liu , Pengwei Sui , Yixuan Li , Yuk Ying Chung

Collaborative multi-agent large language models (LLMs) can solve complex reasoning tasks by decomposing roles, but reinforcement learning for such systems is limited by credit assignment: shared terminal rewards obscure individual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Zhongyi Li , Wan Tian , Yikun Ban , Jinju Chen , Huiming Zhang , Yang Liu , Fuzhen Zhuang