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Despite decades of research, the ultimate goal of nanotechnology--top-down manipulation of individual atoms--has been directly achieved with only one technique: scanning probe microscopy. In this Review, we demonstrate that scanning…

Electron tomography is a widely used technique for 3D structural analysis of nanomaterials, but it can cause damage to samples due to high electron doses and long exposure times. To minimize such damage, researchers often reduce beam…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-05 Timothy M. Craig , Ajinkya A Kadu , Kees Joost Batenburg , Sara Bals

Atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) characterization requires precise tilting of the specimen to high symmetric zone axis, which is usually processed in reciprocal space by following the diffraction patterns.…

Materials Science · Physics 2024-06-04 Jiake Wei , Zhangze Xu , Wenjie Shen , Bin Feng , Ryo Ishikawa , Naoya Shibata , Yuichi Ikuhara , Xuedong Bai

Electron ptychography describes a family of algorithms which are used to enable the reconstruction of complex specimen transmission functions of a sample in order to obtain both phase and amplitude information, as applied within the realms…

Optics · Physics 2025-03-17 L. Clark , P. D. Nellist

Structural and compositional inhomogeneity is common in zeolites and considerably affects their properties. Conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) cannot provide sufficient information on local structures in zeolites due to the…

The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is probably one the most fascinating examination approach that has been used since more than two decades to detailed inspection of micro scale objects. Most of the scanning electron microscopes could…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-02-18 Wichai Shanklin

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is the most widespread adopted tool for atomic scale characterization of two-dimensional (2D) materials. Many 2D materials remain susceptible to electron beam damage, despite the standardized…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-08-11 Sytze de Graaf , Majid Ahmadi , Ivan Lazić , Eric G. T. Bosch , Bart J. Kooi

Electron tomography, as an important 3D imaging method, offers a powerful method to probe the 3D structure of materials from the nano- to the atomic-scale. However, as a grant challenge, radiation intolerance of the nanoscale samples and…

Materials Science · Physics 2020-03-30 Chunyang Wang , Guanglei Ding , Yitong Liu , Huolin L. Xin

Crystal orientation and strain mapping of an individual curved and asymmetrical core-shell hetero-nanowire is performed based on transmission electron microscopy. It relies on a comprehensive analysis of scanning nanobeam electron…

Materials Science · Physics 2023-01-16 Serhii Kryvyi , Slawomir Kret , Piotr Wojnar

The association of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and the detection of a diffraction pattern at each probe position (so-called 4D-STEM) represents one of the most promising approaches to analyze structural properties of…

Applied Physics · Physics 2023-01-26 Leonardo Corrêa , Eduardo Ortega , Arturo Ponce , Mônica Cotta , Daniel Ugarte

Phase reconstruction is important in transmission electron microscopy for structural studies. We describe electron Fourier ptychography and its application to phase reconstruction of both radiation-resistant and beam-sensitive materials. We…

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has achieved near-atomic level resolution of biomolecules by reconstructing 2D micrographs. However, the resolution and accuracy of the reconstructed particles are significantly reduced due to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Jing Zhang , Tengfei Zhao , ShiYu Hu , Xin Zhao

Modern electron tomography has progressed to higher resolution at lower doses by leveraging compressed sensing methods that minimize total variation (TV). However, these sparsity-emphasized reconstruction algorithms introduce tunable…

Medical Physics · Physics 2023-09-12 William Millsaps , Jonathan Schwartz , Zichao Wendy Di , Yi Jiang , Robert Hovden

Recent advances in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) instrumentation have made it possible to focus electron beams with sub-atomic precision and to identify the chemical structure of materials at the level of individual…

Materials Science · Physics 2017-03-08 T. Susi , J. C. Meyer , J. Kotakoski

Structural changes induced by chemical reactions critically determine the catalytic performance and mechanism. However, precise tracking of the three-dimensional (3D) atomic structural evolution of individual bimetallic nanocatalysts…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-09-23 Jisheng Xie , Zhiheng Xie , Dijin Jiang , Shiyun Li , Yiheng Dai , Yao Zhang , Mufan Li , Jihan Zhou

We propose a new scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) technique that can realize the three-dimensional (3D) characterization of vacancies, lighter and heavier dopants with high precision. Using multislice STEM imaging and…

Materials Science · Physics 2016-07-12 Jared M. Johnson , Soohyun Im , Jinwoo Hwang

Electron tomography has achieved higher resolution and quality at reduced doses with recent advances in compressed sensing. Compressed sensing (CS) theory exploits the inherent sparse signal structure to efficiently reconstruct…

Computational Physics · Physics 2020-12-02 Jonathan Schwartz , Huihuo Zheng , Marcus Hanwell , Yi Jiang , Robert Hovden

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a powerful imaging technique for reconstructing three-dimensional molecular structures from noisy tomographic projection images of randomly oriented particles. We introduce a new data fusion framework,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Joe Kileel , Oscar Mickelin , Amit Singer , Sheng Xu

Lorentz Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) observations of magnetic nanoparticles contain information on the magnetic and electrostatic potentials. Vector Field Electron Tomography (VFET) can be used to reconstruct electromagnetic…

Computation · Statistics 2017-04-28 Prabhat KC , K. Aditya Mohan , Charudatta Phatak , Charles Bouman , Marc De Graef

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a widely used technique for recovering the 3-D structure of biological molecules from a large number of experimentally generated noisy 2-D tomographic projection images of the 3-D structure, taken from…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-11-17 Jeremy Hoskins , Yuehaw Khoo , Oscar Mickelin , Amit Singer , Yuguan Wang