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Over the years, complex control approaches have been developed to control the motion of a bicycle. Reinforcement Learning (RL), a branch of machine learning, promises easy deployment of so-called agents. Deployed agents are increasingly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Sebastian Weyrer , Peter Manzl , A. L. Schwab , Johannes Gerstmayr

Reinforcement learning (RL), with its ability to explore and optimize policies in complex, dynamic decision-making tasks, has emerged as a promising approach to addressing motion planning (MoP) challenges in autonomous driving (AD). Despite…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Zhuoren Li , Guizhe Jin , Ran Yu , Zhiwen Chen , Nan Li , Wei Han , Lu Xiong , Bo Leng , Jia Hu , Ilya Kolmanovsky , Dimitar Filev

Model-free reinforcement learning (RL) is inherently a reactive method, operating under the assumption that it starts with no prior knowledge of the system and entirely depends on trial-and-error for learning. This approach faces several…

Transformers trained via Reinforcement Learning (RL) with outcome-based supervision can spontaneously develop the ability to generate intermediate reasoning steps (Chain-of-Thought). Yet the mechanism by which sparse rewards drive policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yuval Ran-Milo , Yotam Alexander , Shahar Mendel , Nadav Cohen

In practical applications, we can rarely assume full observability of a system's environment, despite such knowledge being important for determining a reactive control system's precise interaction with its environment. Therefore, we propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-24 Edi Muskardin , Martin Tappler , Bernhard K. Aichernig , Ingo Pill

Reinforcement learning (RL) marks a fundamental shift in how artificial intelligence is applied in healthcare. Instead of merely predicting outcomes, RL actively decides interventions with long term goals. Unlike traditional models that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Dilruk Perera , Gousia Habib , Qianyi Xu , Daniel J. Tan , Kai He , Erik Cambria , Mengling Feng

This manuscript surveys reinforcement learning from the perspective of optimization and control with a focus on continuous control applications. It surveys the general formulation, terminology, and typical experimental implementations of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-11-13 Benjamin Recht

Model-based reinforcement learning (RL) is anticipated to exhibit higher sample efficiency compared to model-free RL by utilizing a virtual environment model. However, it is challenging to obtain sufficiently accurate representations of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Zihao Sheng , Zilin Huang , Sikai Chen

Reinforcement learning (RL) faces challenges in trajectory planning for urban automated driving due to the poor convergence of RL and the difficulty in designing reward functions. Consequently, few RL-based trajectory planning methods can…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Di Zeng , Ling Zheng , Xiantong Yang , Yinong Li

Despite the low dimensionalities of dissipative viscous fluids, reinforcement learning (RL) requires many observables in fluid control problems. This is because the observables are assumed to follow a policy-independent Markov decision…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2021-04-30 Akira Kubo , Masaki Shimizu

In this work, we take a representation learning perspective on hierarchical reinforcement learning, where the problem of learning lower layers in a hierarchy is transformed into the problem of learning trajectory-level generative models. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-08 John D. Co-Reyes , YuXuan Liu , Abhishek Gupta , Benjamin Eysenbach , Pieter Abbeel , Sergey Levine

Autonomous racing is becoming popular for academic and industry researchers as a test for general autonomous driving by pushing perception, planning, and control algorithms to their limits. While traditional control methods such as MPC are…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Edoardo Ghignone , Nicolas Baumann , Mike Boss , Michele Magno

We demonstrate experimentally the feasibility of applying reinforcement learning (RL) in flow control problems by automatically discovering active control strategies without any prior knowledge of the flow physics. We consider the turbulent…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2020-03-10 Dixia Fan , Liu Yang , Michael S Triantafyllou , George Em Karniadakis

This paper is a study of reinforcement learning (RL) as an optimal-control strategy for control of nonlinear valves. It is evaluated against the PID (proportional-integral-derivative) strategy, using a unified framework. RL is an autonomous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Rajesh Siraskar

This paper presents the first deep reinforcement learning (DRL) framework to estimate the optimal Dynamic Treatment Regimes from observational medical data. This framework is more flexible and adaptive for high dimensional action and state…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-01-30 Ning Liu , Ying Liu , Brent Logan , Zhiyuan Xu , Jian Tang , Yanzhi Wang

Reference tracking systems involve a plant that is stabilized by a local feedback controller and a command center that indicates the reference set-point the plant should follow. Typically, these systems are subject to limitations such as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-03 Maria Angelica Arroyo , Luis Felipe Giraldo

We show that iterative deployment of large language models (LLMs), each fine-tuned on data carefully curated by users from the previous models' deployment, can significantly change the properties of the resultant models. By testing this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Augusto B. Corrêa , Yoav Gelberg , Luckeciano C. Melo , Ilia Shumailov , André G. Pereira , Yarin Gal

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been widely applied to sequential decision making, where interpretability and performance are both critical for practical adoption. Current approaches typically focus on performance and rely on post hoc…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Qianxin Yi , Shao-Bo Lin , Jun Fan , Yao Wang

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a branch of machine learning which is employed to solve various sequential decision making problems without proper supervision. Due to the recent advancement of deep learning, the newly proposed Deep-RL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-04-17 Dhruv Ramani

Diffusion models are powerful generative models that allow for precise control over the characteristics of the generated samples. While these diffusion models trained on large datasets have achieved success, there is often a need to…