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Despite the continuing efforts to improve the engagingness and consistency of chit-chat dialogue systems, the majority of current work simply focus on mimicking human-like responses, leaving understudied the aspects of modeling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Qian Liu , Yihong Chen , Bei Chen , Jian-Guang Lou , Zixuan Chen , Bin Zhou , Dongmei Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) combined with retrieval augmented generation have enabled the deployment of domain-specific chatbots, but these systems remain prone to generating unsupported or incorrect answers. Reliable evaluation is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Nhi Dang , Tung Le , Huy Tien Nguyen

Improving user experience of a dialogue system often requires intensive developer effort to read conversation logs, run statistical analyses, and intuit the relative importance of system shortcomings. This paper presents a novel approach to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-02 James D. Finch , Sarah E. Finch , Jinho D. Choi

Conversational Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems have recently sky-rocketed in popularity and are now used in many applications, from car assistants to customer support. The development of conversational AI systems is supported by a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-12-23 Johan Aronsson , Philip Lu , Daniel Strüber , Thorsten Berger

Interview chatbots engage users in a text-based conversation to draw out their views and opinions. It is, however, challenging to build effective interview chatbots that can handle user free-text responses to open-ended questions and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-02-06 Ziang Xiao , Michelle X. Zhou , Wenxi Chen , Huahai Yang , Changyan Chi

This paper explores the efficacy of online versus offline evaluation methods in assessing conversational chatbots, specifically comparing first-party direct interactions with third-party observational assessments. By extending a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Ekaterina Svikhnushina , Pearl Pu

Recent technological advances have made it possible to build real-time, interactive spoken dialogue systems for a wide variety of applications. However, when users do not respect the limitations of such systems, performance typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Diane J. Litman , Shimei Pan

Collecting human-chatbot dialogues typically demands substantial manual effort and is time-consuming, which limits and poses challenges for research on conversational AI. In this work, we propose DialogueForge - a framework for generating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Ruizhe Zhu , Hao Zhu , Yaxuan Li , Syang Zhou , Shijing Cai , Malgorzata Lazuka , Elliott Ash

Artificially intelligent chatbot, such as ChatGPT, represents a recent and powerful advancement in the AI domain. Users prefer them for obtaining quick and precise answers, avoiding the usual hassle of clicking through multiple links in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Seraj A. M. Mostafa , Md Z. Islam , Mohammad Z. Islam , Fairose Jeehan , Saujanna Jafreen , Raihan U. Islam

The use of chatbots has spread, generating great interest in the industry for the possibility of automating tasks within the execution of their processes. The implementation of chatbots, however simple, is a complex endeavor that involves…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Bedilia Estrada-Torres , Adela del-Río-Ortega , Manuel Resinas

Empathetic Conversational Systems (ECS) are built to respond empathetically to the user's emotions and sentiments, regardless of the application domain. Current ECS studies evaluation approaches are restricted to offline evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Aravind Sesagiri Raamkumar , Siyuan Brandon Loh

Is chatbot able to completely replace the human agent? The short answer could be - "it depends...". For some challenging cases, e.g., dialogue's topical spectrum spreads beyond the training corpus coverage, the chatbot may malfunction and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Jiawei Liu , Zhe Gao , Yangyang Kang , Zhuoren Jiang , Guoxiu He , Changlong Sun , Xiaozhong Liu , Wei Lu

As chatbots increasingly blur the boundary between automated systems and human conversation, the foundations of trust in these systems warrant closer examination. While regulatory and policy frameworks tend to define trust in normative…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Aditya Gulati , Nuria Oliver

Large Language Models have found application in various mundane and repetitive tasks including Human Resource (HR) support. We worked with the domain experts of SAP SE to develop an HR support chatbot as an efficient and effective tool for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Anum Afzal , Alexander Kowsik , Rajna Fani , Florian Matthes

The explosion of high-performing conversational language models (LMs) has spurred a shift from classic natural language processing (NLP) benchmarks to expensive, time-consuming and noisy human evaluations - yet the relationship between…

The rapid convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) toward conversational chatbot interfaces marks a critical moment for the industry. This paper argues that the chatbot paradigm is not a neutral interface choice, but a dominant…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Sourojit Ghosh , Pranav Narayanan Venkit , Sanjana Gautam , Avijit Ghosh

ECHO (Evaluation of Chat, Human behavior, and Outcomes) is an open research platform designed to support reproducible, mixed-method studies of human interaction with both conversational AI systems and Web search engines. It enables…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Jiqun Liu , Nischal Dinesh , Ran Yu

The development and deployment of chatbot technology, while spanning decades and employing different techniques, require innovative frameworks to understand and interrogate their functionality and implications. A mere technocentric account…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Mauricio Figueroa-Torres

An important aspect of developing conversational agents is to give a bot the ability to improve through communicating with humans and to learn from the mistakes that it makes. Most research has focused on learning from fixed training sets…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-01-17 Jiwei Li , Alexander H. Miller , Sumit Chopra , Marc'Aurelio Ranzato , Jason Weston

Dialogue systems, also called chatbots, are now used in a wide range of applications. However, they still have some major weaknesses. One key weakness is that they are typically trained from manually-labeled data and/or written with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-25 Bing Liu , Sahisnu Mazumder