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Human evaluation is becoming a necessity to test the performance of Chatbots. However, off-the-shelf settings suffer the severe reliability and replication issues partly because of the extremely high diversity of criteria. It is high time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Hongru Liang , Huaqing Li

Evaluating the quality of open-domain chatbots has become increasingly reliant on LLMs acting as automatic judges. However, existing meta-evaluation benchmarks are static, outdated, and lacking in multilingual coverage, limiting their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-23 John Mendonça , Alon Lavie , Isabel Trancoso

Although human evaluation remains the gold standard for open-domain dialogue evaluation, the growing popularity of automated evaluation using Large Language Models (LLMs) has also extended to dialogue. However, most frameworks leverage…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 John Mendonça , Isabel Trancoso , Alon Lavie

Chatbots are one class of intelligent, conversational software agents activated by natural language input (which can be in the form of text, voice, or both). They provide conversational output in response, and if commanded, can sometimes…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2017-04-18 Nicole M. Radziwill , Morgan C. Benton

Most often, chat-bots are built to solve the purpose of a search engine or a human assistant: Their primary goal is to provide information to the user or help them complete a task. However, these chat-bots are incapable of responding to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-11-26 Parag Agrawal , Anshuman Suri , Tulasi Menon

Conversational recommender systems offer the promise of interactive, engaging ways for users to find items they enjoy. We seek to improve conversational recommendation via three dimensions: 1) We aim to mimic a common mode of human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Shuyang Li , Bodhisattwa Prasad Majumder , Julian McAuley

Large Language Models (LLMs) have showcased remarkable capabilities in various Natural Language Processing tasks. For automatic open-domain dialogue evaluation in particular, LLMs have been seamlessly integrated into evaluation frameworks,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 John Mendonça , Alon Lavie , Isabel Trancoso

Most chatbot literature that focuses on improving the fluency and coherence of a chatbot, is dedicated to making chatbots more human-like. However, very little work delves into what really separates humans from chatbots -- humans…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-26 Hsuan Su , Jiun-Hao Jhan , Fan-yun Sun , Saurav Sahay , Hung-yi Lee

Accurate prediction of conversation topics can be a valuable signal for creating coherent and engaging dialog systems. In this work, we focus on context-aware topic classification methods for identifying topics in free-form human-chatbot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-22 Chandra Khatri , Rahul Goel , Behnam Hedayatnia , Angeliki Metanillou , Anushree Venkatesh , Raefer Gabriel , Arindam Mandal

This paper tackles the challenging task of evaluating socially situated conversational robots and presents a novel objective evaluation approach that relies on multimodal user behaviors. In this study, our main focus is on assessing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Koji Inoue , Divesh Lala , Keiko Ochi , Tatsuya Kawahara , Gabriel Skantze

In this paper we discuss approaches to evaluating and validating the ethical claims of a Conversational AI system. We outline considerations around both a top-down regulatory approach and bottom-up processes. We describe the ethical basis…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-06-19 Elayne Ruane , Vivek Nallur

As dialogue systems and chatbots increasingly integrate into everyday interactions, the need for efficient and accurate evaluation methods becomes paramount. This study explores the comparative performance of human and AI assessments across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Ike Ebubechukwu , Johane Takeuchi , Antonello Ceravola , Frank Joublin

Empathy is a vital factor that contributes to mutual understanding, and joint problem-solving. In recent years, a growing number of studies have recognized the benefits of empathy and started to incorporate empathy in conversational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Aravind Sesagiri Raamkumar , Yinping Yang

Chatbots are designed to carry out human-like conversations across different domains, such as general chit-chat, knowledge exchange, and persona-grounded conversations. To measure the quality of such conversational agents, a dialogue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Chen Zhang , Luis Fernando D'Haro , Thomas Friedrichs , Haizhou Li

Social chatbots have gained immense popularity, and their appeal lies not just in their capacity to respond to the diverse requests from users, but also in the ability to develop an emotional connection with users. To further develop and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Avinash Madasu , Mauajama Firdaus , Asif Eqbal

LLM based chatbots have become central interfaces in technical, educational, and analytical domains, supporting tasks such as code reasoning, problem solving, and information exploration. As these systems scale, sustainability concerns have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Ronnie de Souza Santos , Cleyton Magalhães , Italo Santos

Chatbots are a rapidly expanding application of dialogue systems with companies switching to bot services for customer support, and new applications for users interested in casual conversation. One style of casual conversation is argument,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-12 Geetanjali Rakshit , Kevin K. Bowden , Lena Reed , Amita Misra , Marilyn Walker

In recent times, a large number of people have been involved in establishing their own businesses. Unlike humans, chatbots can serve multiple customers at a time, are available 24/7 and reply in less than a fraction of a second. Though…

Human evaluation has been widely accepted as the standard for evaluating chat-oriented dialogue systems. However, there is a significant variation in previous work regarding who gets recruited as evaluators. Evaluator groups such as domain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Sarah E. Finch , James D. Finch , Jinho D. Choi

Objective: This study aims to develop and validate an evaluation framework to ensure the safety and reliability of mental health chatbots, which are increasingly popular due to their accessibility, human-like interactions, and context-aware…