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Recently, multiple approaches for creating agents for playing various complex real-time computer games such as StarCraft II or Dota 2 were proposed, however, they either embed a significant amount of expert knowledge into the agent or use a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Michał Opanowicz

Recent advances in Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) have largely focused on improving the performance of agents with the aim of replacing humans in known and well-defined environments. The use of these techniques as a game design tool for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Alessandro Sestini , Alexander Kuhnle , Andrew D. Bagdanov

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a goal-oriented learning solution that has proven to be successful for Neural Architecture Search (NAS) on the CIFAR and ImageNet datasets. However, a limitation of this approach is its high computational…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-12-04 J. Gomez Robles , J. Vanschoren

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) agents achieve impressive results in a wide variety of tasks, but they lack zero-shot adaptation capabilities. While most robustness evaluations focus on tasks complexifications, for which human also…

Reinforcement Learning has recently surfaced as a very powerful tool to solve complex problems in the domain of board games, wherein an agent is generally required to learn complex strategies and moves based on its own experiences and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-24 Sidharth Malhotra , Girik Malik

Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have become indispensable tools in artificial intelligence, empowering agents to acquire optimal decision-making policies through interactions with their environment and feedback mechanisms. This study…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Ergon Cugler de Moraes Silva

Ensuring robust decision-making in multi-agent systems is challenging when agents have distinct, possibly conflicting objectives and lack full knowledge of each other's strategies. This is apparent in safety-critical applications such as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-20 Francesco Bianchin , Robert Lefringhausen , Elisa Gaetan , Samuel Tesfazgi , Sandra Hirche

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is an area of machine learning figuring out how agents take actions in an unknown environment to maximize its rewards. Unlike classical Markov Decision Process (MDP) in which agent has full knowledge of its…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Yangxin Zhong , Jiajie He , Lingjie Kong

While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in certain reasoning tasks, they struggle in multi-agent games where the final outcome depends on the joint strategies of all agents. In multi-agent games, the non-stationarity of other agents brings…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yidong He , Yutao Lai , Pengxu Yang , Jiarui Gan , Jiexin Wang , Yi Cai , Mengchen Zhao

Significant progress has been made in AI for games, including board games, MOBA, and RTS games. However, complex agents are typically developed in an embedded manner, directly accessing game state information, unlike human players who rely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Tianyang Wu , Lipeng Wan , Yuhang Wang , Qiang Wan , Xuguang Lan

Reinforcement learning (RL) enjoyed significant progress over the last years. One of the most important steps forward was the wide application of neural networks. However, architectures of these neural networks are typically constructed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-29 N. Mazyavkina , S. Moustafa , I. Trofimov , E. Burnaev

At present, designing convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures requires both human expertise and labor. New architectures are handcrafted by careful experimentation or modified from a handful of existing networks. We introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-24 Bowen Baker , Otkrist Gupta , Nikhil Naik , Ramesh Raskar

Models and games are simplified representations of the world. There are many different kinds of models, all differing in complexity and which aspect of the world they allow us to further our understanding of. In this paper we focus on a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-04-07 Joseph Christian G. Noel

In fighting games, individual players of the same skill level often exhibit distinct strategies from one another through their gameplay. Despite this, the majority of AI agents for fighting games have only a single strategy for each "level"…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Emily Halina , Matthew Guzdial

This paper investigates generalisation in multi-agent games, where the generality of the agent can be evaluated by playing against opponents it hasn't seen during training. We propose two new games with concealed information and complex,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-13 Alexander Sasha Vezhnevets , Yuhuai Wu , Remi Leblond , Joel Z. Leibo

In 2015, Google's DeepMind announced an advancement in creating an autonomous agent based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) that could beat a professional player in a series of 49 Atari games. However, the current manifestation of DRL is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-30 Ngoc Duy Nguyen , Saeid Nahavandi , Thanh Nguyen

When playing video-games we immediately detect which entity we control and we center the attention towards it to focus the learning and reduce its dimensionality. Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been able to deal with big state spaces,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Berkay Demirel , Martí Sánchez-Fibla

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has made great achievements since proposed. Generally, DRL agents receive high-dimensional inputs at each step, and make actions according to deep-neural-network-based policies. This learning mechanism…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Kun Shao , Zhentao Tang , Yuanheng Zhu , Nannan Li , Dongbin Zhao

Remaining competitive in future conflicts with technologically-advanced competitors requires us to accelerate our research and development in artificial intelligence (AI) for wargaming. More importantly, leveraging machine learning for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Scotty Black , Christian Darken

Progress in fields of machine learning and adversarial planning has benefited significantly from benchmark domains, from checkers and the classic UCI data sets to Go and Diplomacy. In sequential decision-making, agent evaluation has largely…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Marc Lanctot , John Schultz , Neil Burch , Max Olan Smith , Daniel Hennes , Thomas Anthony , Julien Perolat