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One of the frontier research fields of exoplanetary science is the study of the composition and variability of exoplanetary atmospheres. This field is now moving from the gas giant planets towards the smaller and colder telluric planets,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-17 Monica Rainer , Evandro Balbi , Francesco Borsa , Paola Cianfarra , Avet Harutyunyan , Silvano Tosi

We extend a data-based model-free multifractal method of exoplanet detection to probe exoplanetary atmospheres. Whereas the transmission spectrum is studied during the primary eclipse, we analyze the emission spectrum during the secondary…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-05-25 Sahil Agarwal , John S. Wettlaufer

Today's most detailed characterization of exoplanet atmospheres is accessible via transit spectroscopy (TS). Detecting transiting exoplanets only yields their size, and it is thus standard to measure a planet's mass before moving towards…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-01 Julien de Wit , Sara Seager , Prajwal Niraula

Over the past decade, the study of extrasolar planets has evolved rapidly from plain detection and identification to comprehensive categorization and characterization of exoplanet systems and their atmospheres. Atmospheric retrieval, the…

New observational facilities are beginning to enable insights into the three-dimensional (3D) nature of exoplanets. Transmission spectroscopy is the most widely used method for characterizing transiting temperate exoplanet's atmospheres,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-24 Nicholas Scarsdale , C. E. Harman , Thomas J. Fauchez

Atmospheric temperatures are to be estimated from thermal emission spectra of Earth-like exoplanets orbiting M-stars as observed by current and future planned missions. To this end, a line-by-line radiative transfer code is used to generate…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-06-02 Franz Schreier , J. Lee Grenfell , Fabian Wunderlich , Thomas Trautmann

The best-characterized exoplanets to date are planets on close-in transiting orbits around their host stars. The high level of irradiation and transiting geometry of these objects make them ideal targets for atmospheric investigations.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-03-25 Diana Dragomir , Eliza Kempton , Jacob Bean , Ian Crossfield , Eric Gaidos , Nikole Lewis , Michael Line , Roxana Lupu , George Zhou

This tutorial is an introduction to techniques used to characterize the atmospheres of transiting exoplanets. We intend it to be a useful guide for the undergraduate, graduate student, or postdoctoral scholar who wants to begin research in…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-12-19 Drake Deming , Dana Louie , Holly Sheets

We present a novel retrieval technique that attempts to model phase curve observations of exoplanets more realistically and reliably, which we call the 2.5-dimension (2.5-D) approach. In our 2.5-D approach we retrieve the vertical…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-06-04 Patrick G. J. Irwin , Vivien Parmentier , Jake Taylor , Jo Barstow , Suzanne Aigrain , Elspeth K. H. Lee , Ryan Garland

The exoplanet revolution is well underway. The last decade has seen order-of-magnitude increases in the number of known planets beyond the Solar system. Detailed characterization of exoplanetary atmospheres provide the best means for…

Detailed characterization of an extrasolar planet's atmosphere provides the best hope for distinguishing the makeup of its outer layers, and the only hope for understanding the interplay between initial composition, chemistry, dynamics &…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-03-09 Ian J. M. Crossfield

Stellar contamination has long been recognized as a major bottleneck in transmission spectroscopy, limiting our ability to accurately characterize exoplanet atmospheres-particularly for terrestrial worlds. In response, significant…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-07-18 Thomas J. Fauchez , Elsa Ducrot , Benjamin V. Rackham , Kevin B. Stevenson , Laura C. Mayorga , Julien de Wit

Much of the focus of exoplanet atmosphere analysis in the coming decade will be at infrared wavelengths, with the planned launches of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). However,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-03-27 Eric D. Lopez , Vladimir Airapetian , Jessie Christiansen , Luca Fossati , Kevin France

Atmospheric refraction affects to various degrees exoplanet transit, lunar eclipse, as well as stellar occultation observations. Exoplanet retrieval algorithms often use analytical expressions for the column abundance along a ray traversing…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-03-23 Yan Betremieux , Lisa Kaltenegger

Modeling the outflow of planetary atmospheres is important for understanding the evolution of exoplanet systems and for interpreting their observations. Modern theoretical models of exoplanet atmospheres become increasingly detailed and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-06-30 P. B. Isakova , Ya. N. Pavlyuchenkov , E. S. Kalinicheva , V. I. Shematovich

We present a catalog of uniformly processed 3.6-$\mu$m and 4.5-$\mu$m band exoplanet thermal phase curves based on Infrared Array Camera observations obtained from the Spitzer Heritage Archive. The catalog includes phase curve measurements…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-03-04 Mark R Swain , Kyle A Pearson , Thaddeus D. Komacek , Geoffrey Bryden , Emeline Fromont , Gautam Vasisht , Gael Roudier , Robert T. Zellem

Exoplanetary atmospheric retrieval refers to the inference of atmospheric properties of an exoplanet given an observed spectrum. The atmospheric properties include the chemical compositions, temperature profiles, clouds/hazes, and energy…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-12-05 Nikku Madhusudhan

Over the last several years, spectroscopic observations of transiting exoplanets have begun to uncover information about their atmospheres, including atmospheric composition and indications of the presence of clouds and hazes. Spectral…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-03-10 Joanna K. Barstow , Quentin Changeat , Ryan Garland , Michael R. Line , Marco Rocchetto , Ingo P. Waldmann

Understanding a planet's atmosphere is a necessary condition for understanding not only the planet itself, but also its formation, structure, evolution, and habitability, This puts a premium on obtaining spectra, and developing credible…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-18 Adam Burrows