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Techniques for procedural content generation via machine learning (PCGML) have been shown to be useful for generating novel game content. While used primarily for producing new content in the style of the game domain used for training,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Anurag Sarkar , Adam Summerville , Sam Snodgrass , Gerard Bentley , Joseph Osborn

Procedural Level Generation via Machine Learning (PLGML), the study of generating game levels with machine learning, has received a large amount of recent academic attention. For certain measures these approaches have shown success at…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-26 Matthew Guzdial , Nicholas Liao , Mark Riedl

Procedural content generation via machine learning (PCGML) is the process of procedurally generating game content using models trained on existing game content. PCGML methods can struggle to capture the true variance present in underlying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Bowei Li , Ruohan Chen , Yuqing Xue , Ricky Wang , Wenwen Li , Matthew Guzdial

This survey explores Procedural Content Generation via Machine Learning (PCGML), defined as the generation of game content using machine learning models trained on existing content. As the importance of PCG for game development increases,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-05-08 Adam Summerville , Sam Snodgrass , Matthew Guzdial , Christoffer Holmgård , Amy K. Hoover , Aaron Isaksen , Andy Nealen , Julian Togelius

Procedural Content Generation via Machine Learning (PCGML) faces a significant hurdle that sets it apart from other fields, such as image or text generation, which is limited annotated data. Many existing methods for procedural level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Negar Mirgati , Matthew Guzdial

Procedural content generation via Machine Learning (PCGML) is the umbrella term for approaches that generate content for games via machine learning. One of the benefits of PCGML is that, unlike search or grammar-based PCG, it does not…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-26 Matthew Guzdial , Joshua Reno , Jonathan Chen , Gillian Smith , Mark Riedl

Procedural content generation via machine learning (PCGML) is typically framed as the task of fitting a generative model to full-scale examples of a desired content distribution. This approach presents a fundamental tension: the more design…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-13 Isaac Karth , Adam M. Smith

Recent procedural content generation via machine learning (PCGML) methods allow learning from existing content to produce similar content automatically. While these approaches are able to generate content for different games (e.g. Super…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-27 Vanessa Volz , Niels Justesen , Sam Snodgrass , Sahar Asadi , Sami Purmonen , Christoffer Holmgård , Julian Togelius , Sebastian Risi

Existing methods of level generation using latent variable models such as VAEs and GANs do so in segments and produce the final level by stitching these separately generated segments together. In this paper, we build on these methods by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-20 Anurag Sarkar , Seth Cooper

Co-creative Procedural Content Generation via Machine Learning (PCGML) refers to systems where a PCGML agent and a human work together to produce output content. One of the limitations of co-creative PCGML is that it requires co-creative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Zisen Zhou , Matthew Guzdial

Procedural content generation (PCG) is a growing field, with numerous applications in the video game industry and great potential to help create better games at a fraction of the cost of manual creation. However, much of the work in PCG is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Michael Beukman , Manuel Fokam , Marcel Kruger , Guy Axelrod , Muhammad Nasir , Branden Ingram , Benjamin Rosman , Steven James

In recent years, Procedural Level Generation via Machine Learning (PLGML) techniques have been applied to generate game levels with machine learning. These approaches rely on human-annotated representations of game levels. Creating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-08 Mrunal Jadhav , Matthew Guzdial

We investigate how reinforcement learning can be used to train level-designing agents. This represents a new approach to procedural content generation in games, where level design is framed as a game, and the content generator itself is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-14 Ahmed Khalifa , Philip Bontrager , Sam Earle , Julian Togelius

Procedural Content Generation (PCG) is the algorithmic generation of content, often applied to games. PCG and PCG via Machine Learning (PCGML) have appeared in published games. However, it can prove difficult to apply these approaches in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Emily Halina , Matthew Guzdial

Search-based procedural content generation (PCG) is a well-known method for level generation in games. Its key advantage is that it is generic and able to satisfy functional constraints. However, due to the heavy computational costs to run…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-26 Ahmed Khalifa , Michael Cerny Green , Julian Togelius

As academic interest in procedural content generation (PCG) for games has increased, so has the need for methodologies for comparing and contrasting the output spaces of alternative PCG systems. In this paper we introduce and evaluate a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Oliver Withington , Laurissa Tokarchuk

We address the problem of game level repair, which consists of taking a designed but non-functional game level and making it functional. This might consist of ensuring the completeness of the level, reachability of objects, or other…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Debosmita Bhaumik , Julian Togelius , Georgios N. Yannakakis , Ahmed Khalifa

Procedural Content Generation (PCG) is a technique to generate complex and diverse environments in an automated way. However, while generating content with PCG methods is often straightforward, generating meaningful content that reflects…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Shyam Sudhakaran , Miguel González-Duque , Claire Glanois , Matthias Freiberger , Elias Najarro , Sebastian Risi

Procedural Content Generation via Machine Learning (PCGML) has enhanced game content creation, yet challenges in controllability and limited training data persist. This study addresses these issues by distilling a constructive PCG algorithm…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Yuhe Nie , Michael Middleton , Tim Merino , Nidhushan Kanagaraja , Ashutosh Kumar , Zhan Zhuang , Julian Togelius

Human-aligned AI is a critical component of co-creativity, as it enables models to accurately interpret human intent and generate controllable outputs that align with design goals in collaborative content creation. This direction is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-14 In-Chang Baek , Seoyoung Lee , Sung-Hyun Kim , Geumhwan Hwang , KyungJoong Kim
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