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Many manipulation tasks require careful force modulation. With insufficient force the task may fail, while excessive force could cause damage. The high cost, bulky size and fragility of commercial force/torque (F/T) sensors have limited…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Hojung Choi , Yifan Hou , Chuer Pan , Seongheon Hong , Austin Patel , Xiaomeng Xu , Mark R. Cutkosky , Shuran Song

In this article, we present a deflection measurement setup for Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). It is based on a quadrature phase differential interferometer: we measure the optical path difference between a laser beam reflecting above the…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2015-06-16 Pierdomenico Paolino , Felipe A. Aguilar Sandoval , Ludovic Bellon

High sensitivity detection plays a vital role in science discoveries and technological applications. While intriguing methods utilizing collective many-body correlations and quantum entanglements have been developed in physics to enhance…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-04 Tangyou Huang , Zhongcheng Yu , Zhongyi Ni , Xiaoji Zhou , Xiaopeng Li

We consider an oscillator model to describe qualitatively friction force for an atomic force mi-croscope (AFM) tip driven on a surface described by periodic potential. It is shown that average value of the friction force could be controlled…

Pattern Formation and Solitons · Physics 2020-10-06 E. V. Kazantseva , Y. Braiman , J. Barhen

Measurements of the deflection induced by thermal noise have been performed on a rectangular atomic force microscope cantilever in air. The detection method, based on polarization interferometry, can achieve a resolution of 1E-14 m/rtHz in…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-17 Pierdomenico Paolino , Bruno Tiribilli , Ludovic Bellon

Historically, weak values have been associated with weak measurements performed on quantum systems. Over the past two decades, a series of works have shown that weak values can be determined via measurements of arbitrary strength. One such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-06 David R. A. Ruelas Paredes , Mariano Uria , Eduardo Massoni , Francisco De Zela

Atomic Force Microscope images of a crack intersecting the free surface of a glass specimen are taken at different stages of subcritical propagation. From the analysis of image pairs, it is shown that a novel Integrated Digital Image…

Classical Physics · Physics 2015-05-18 Kun Han , Matteo Ciccotti , Stéphane Roux

Intermodulation atomic force microscopy (IMAFM) is a dynamic mode of atomic force microscopy (AFM) with two-tone excitation. The oscillating AFM cantilever in close proximity to a surface experiences the nonlinear tip-sample force which…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2013-02-08 Daniel Platz , Erik A. Tholen , Carsten Hutter , Arndt C. von Bieren , David B. Haviland

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a versatile nanoscale imaging technique. Since its spatiotemporal resolution is fundamentally limited by the minimum detectable force (MDF) arising from system noise, a deep understanding of MDF is essential…

Applied Physics · Physics 2026-01-16 Kenichi Umeda , Noriyuki Kodera

The force sensor is key to the performance of atomic force microscopy (AFM). Nowadays, most AFMs use micro-machined force sensors made from silicon, but piezoelectric quartz sensors are applied at an increasing rate, mainly in vacuum. These…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2015-03-19 Franz J. Giessibl , Florian Pielmeier , Toyoaki Eguchi , Toshu An , Yukio Hasegawa

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful tool to investigate interaction forces at the micro and nanoscale. Cantilever stiffness, dimensions and geometry of the tip can be chosen according to the requirements of the specific application,…

Applied Physics · Physics 2020-07-31 M. Chighizola , L. Puricelli , L. Bellon , A. Podestà

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a mechanical profiling technique that allows to image surfaces with atomic resolution. Recent progress in reducing the noise of this technique has led to a resolution level where previously undetectable…

Materials Science · Physics 2015-06-24 F. J. Giessibl , H. Bielefeldt , S. Hembacher , J. Mannhart

Friction measurements in the range of several meters per second are still of great interests. With the atomic force microscopy (AFM), the oscilaltion situation of the quartz crystal resonators of 3MHz resonance frequency are studied. And…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2013-12-11 Fengzhen Zhang , Othmar Marti , Stefan Walheim , Thomas Schimmel

The use of machine learning to estimate the energy of a group of atoms, and the forces that drive them to more stable configurations, has revolutionized the fields of computational chemistry and materials discovery. In this domain, rigorous…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-10-28 Filippo Bigi , Marcel Langer , Michele Ceriotti

A method to precisely calibrate the oscillation amplitude in Dynamic Scanning Force Microscopy is described. It is experimentally shown that a typical electronics used to process the dynamic motion of the cantilever can be adjusted to…

Cold atom traps are at the heart of many quantum applications in science and technology. The preparation and control of atomic clouds involves complex optimization processes, that could be supported and accelerated by machine learning. In…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2023-06-30 Malte Reinschmidt , József Fortágh , Andreas Günther , Valentin Volchkov

Frequency dependent dynamic behavior in Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM) implemented on a beam-deflection atomic force microscope (AFM) is analyzed using a combination of modeling and experimental measurements. The PFM signal comprises…

Materials Science · Physics 2015-06-25 Stephen Jesse , Arthur P. Baddorf , Sergei V. Kalinin

High-precision sensing of vectorial forces has broad impact on both fundamental research and technological applications such as the examination of vacuum fluctuations \cite{casimir09rmp} and the detection of surface roughness of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-11 Xinxin Guo , Zhongcheng Yu , Fansu Wei , Shengjie Jin , Xuzong Chen , Xiaopeng Li , Xibo Zhang , Xiaoji Zhou

With soft robotics being increasingly employed in settings demanding high and controlled contact forces, recent research has demonstrated the use of soft robots to estimate or intrinsically sense forces without requiring external sensing…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-11-22 Lukas Lindenroth , Danail Stoyanov , Kawal Rhode , Hongbin Liu

Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is a well-established technique in scanning probe microscopy that allows for the imaging of magnetic samples with a spatial resolution of tens of nm and stray fields down to the mT range. The spatial…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2024-11-13 Christopher Habenschaden , Sibylle Sievers , Alexander Klasen , Andrea Cerreta , Hans Werner Schumacher