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Large Language Models (LLMs) consistently benefit from scaled Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning, but also suffer from heavy computational overhead. To address this issue, efficient reasoning aims to incentivize short yet accurate thinking…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Taiqiang Wu , Zenan Xu , Bo Zhou , Ngai Wong

Reasoning before action and imagining potential outcomes (i.e., world models) are essential for embodied agents operating in complex open-world environments. Yet, prior work either incorporates only one of these abilities in an end-to-end…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Zhonghan Zhao , Wenwei Zhang , Haian Huang , Kuikun Liu , Jianfei Gao , Gaoang Wang , Kai Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated notable capabilities across various tasks, showcasing complex problem-solving abilities. Understanding and executing complex rules, along with multi-step planning, are fundamental to logical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Jiayi Gui , Yiming Liu , Jiale Cheng , Xiaotao Gu , Xiao Liu , Hongning Wang , Yuxiao Dong , Jie Tang , Minlie Huang

Reasoning-based language models have demonstrated strong performance across various domains, with the most notable gains seen in mathematical and coding tasks. Recent research has shown that reasoning also offers significant benefits for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Makesh Narsimhan Sreedhar , Traian Rebedea , Christopher Parisien

Large language models have demonstrated remarkable few-shot performance on many natural language understanding tasks. Despite several demonstrations of using large language models in complex, strategic scenarios, there lacks a comprehensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Anthony Costarelli , Mat Allen , Roman Hauksson , Grace Sodunke , Suhas Hariharan , Carlson Cheng , Wenjie Li , Joshua Clymer , Arjun Yadav

Recent advancements in algorithms for sequential decision-making under imperfect information have shown remarkable success in large games such as limit- and no-limit poker. These algorithms traditionally formalize the games using the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Vojtěch Kovařík , David Milec , Michal Šustr , Dominik Seitz , Viliam Lisý

Negotiation is a fundamental challenge for AI agents, as it requires an ability to reason strategically, model opponents, and balance cooperation with competition. We present the first comprehensive study that systematically evaluates how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Sherzod Hakimov , Roland Bernard , Tim Leiber , Karl Osswald , Kristina Richert , Ruilin Yang , Raffaella Bernardi , David Schlangen

We consider differentiable games where the goal is to find a Nash equilibrium. The machine learning community has recently started using variants of the gradient method (GD). Prime examples are extragradient (EG), the optimistic gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Waïss Azizian , Ioannis Mitliagkas , Simon Lacoste-Julien , Gauthier Gidel

We study an extension of the well-known red-blue pebble game (RBP) with partial computation steps, inspired by the recent work of Sobczyk. While the original RBP assumes that we need to have all the inputs of an operation in fast memory at…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Pál András Papp , Aleksandros Sobczyk , A. N. Yzelman

In this paper, we investigate code-integrated reasoning, where models generate code when necessary and integrate feedback by executing it through a code interpreter. To acquire this capability, models must learn when and how to use external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Fei Bai , Yingqian Min , Beichen Zhang , Zhipeng Chen , Wayne Xin Zhao , Lei Fang , Zheng Liu , Zhongyuan Wang , Ji-Rong Wen

Game Logic is an excellent setting to study proofs-about-programs via the interpretation of those proofs as programs, because constructive proofs for games correspond to effective winning strategies to follow in response to the opponent's…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Rose Bohrer , André Platzer

Large language models (LLMs) can exhibit biases in reasoning capabilities due to linguistic modality, performing better on tasks in one language versus another, even with similar content. Most previous works evaluate this through reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 César Guerra-Solano , Zhuochun Li , Xiang Lorraine Li

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) effectively enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by incorporating retrieved external knowledge into the generation process. Reasoning models improve LLM performance in multi-hop QA tasks, which require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Guo Chen , Junjie Huang , Huaijin Xie , Fei Sun , Tao Jia

In this work, we survey the role of GPUs in real-time systems. Originally designed for parallel graphics workloads, GPUs are now widely used in time-critical applications such as machine learning, autonomous vehicles, and robotics due to…

Generalised planning (GP) refers to the task of synthesising programs that solve families of related planning problems. We introduce a novel, yet simple method for GP: given a set of training problems, for each problem, compute an optimal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Dillon Z. Chen , Till Hofmann , Toryn Q. Klassen , Sheila A. McIlraith

This position paper proposes a fundamental shift in designing code generation models: treating reasoning depth as a controllable resource. Rather than being an incidental byproduct of prompting, we argue that the trade-off between rapid,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Zongjie Li , Shuai Wang

Language models are now prevalent in software engineering with many developers using them to automate tasks and accelerate their development. While language models have been tremendous at accomplishing complex software engineering tasks,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Daniel Nichols , Konstantinos Parasyris , Charles Jekel , Abhinav Bhatele , Harshitha Menon

The term Procedural Content Generation (PCG) refers to the (semi-)automatic generation of game content by algorithmic means, and its methods are becoming increasingly popular in game-oriented research and industry. A special class of these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Vanessa Volz , Boris Naujoks , Pascal Kerschke , Tea Tusar

We describe nearly fifteen years of General Game Playing experimental research history in the context of reproducibility and fairness of comparisons between various GGP agents and systems designed to play games described by different…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-10 Jakub Kowalski , Marek Szykuła

General Game Playing (GGP) is a framework in which an artificial intelligence program is required to play a variety of games successfully. It acts as a test bed for AI and motivator of research. The AI is given a random game description at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-05 Alastair Flynn