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This position paper proposes a conceptual framework for the design of Natural Language Generation (NLG) systems that follow efficient and effective production strategies in order to achieve complex communicative goals. In this general…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Mario Giulianelli

We describe the design and implementation of a reasoning engine that facilitates the gamification of loop-invariant discovery. Our reasoning engine enables students, computational agents and regular software engineers with no formal methods…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Andrew Walter , Seth Cooper , Panagiotis Manolios

People can evaluate features of problems and their potential solutions well before we can effectively solve them. When considering a game we have never played, for instance, we might infer whether it is likely to be challenging, fair, or…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Cedegao E. Zhang , Katherine M. Collins , Lionel Wong , Mauricio Barba , Adrian Weller , Joshua B. Tenenbaum

This paper presents a recursive reasoning formalism of Bayesian optimization (BO) to model the reasoning process in the interactions between boundedly rational, self-interested agents with unknown, complex, and costly-to-evaluate payoff…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-01 Zhongxiang Dai , Yizhou Chen , Kian Hsiang Low , Patrick Jaillet , Teck-Hua Ho

Reasoning is a fundamental capability of large language models (LLMs), enabling them to comprehend, analyze, and solve complex problems. In this paper, we introduce TextGames, an innovative benchmark specifically crafted to assess LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Frederikus Hudi , Genta Indra Winata , Ruochen Zhang , Alham Fikri Aji

Procedural Content Generation (PCG) refers to the practice, in videogames and other games, of generating content such as levels, quests, or characters algorithmically. Motivated by the need to make games replayable, as well as to reduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-18 Sebastian Risi , Julian Togelius

Text-based games (TBG) have emerged as promising environments for driving research in grounded language understanding and studying problems like generalization and sample efficiency. Several deep reinforcement learning (RL) methods with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Mattia Atzeni , Shehzaad Dhuliawala , Keerthiram Murugesan , Mrinmaya Sachan

Artificial general intelligence (AGI) refers to research aimed at tackling the full problem of artificial intelligence, that is, create truly intelligent agents. This sets it apart from most AI research which aims at solving relatively…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-09-08 Tom Schaul , Julian Togelius , Jürgen Schmidhuber

General game playing (GGP) is a framework for evaluating an agent's general intelligence across a wide range of tasks. In the GGP competition, an agent is given the rules of a game (described as a logic program) that it has never seen…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-06-25 Andrew Cropper , Richard Evans , Mark Law

We formalize Simplified Boardgames language, which describes a subclass of arbitrary board games. The language structure is based on the regular expressions, which makes the rules easily machine-processable while keeping the rules concise…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-07-18 Jakub Kowalski , Jakub Sutowicz , Marek Szykuła

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has proven effective in eliciting complex reasoning in large language models (LLMs). However, standard RLVR training often leads to excessively verbose processes (in reasoning tasks) and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Gang Li , Yulei Qin , Xiaoyu Tan , Dingkang Yang , Yuchen Shi , Zihan Xu , Xiang Li , Xing Sun , Ke Li

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced their ability to perform complex reasoning tasks, transitioning from fast and intuitive thinking (System 1) to slow and deep reasoning (System 2). While System…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Rui Wang , Hongru Wang , Boyang Xue , Jianhui Pang , Shudong Liu , Yi Chen , Jiahao Qiu , Derek Fai Wong , Heng Ji , Kam-Fai Wong

There are several different game description languages (GDLs), each intended to allow wide ranges of arbitrary games (i.e., general games) to be described in a single higher-level language than general-purpose programming languages. Games…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Dennis J. N. J. Soemers , Éric Piette , Matthew Stephenson , Cameron Browne

Code reasoning is a fundamental capability for large language models (LLMs) in the code domain. It involves understanding and predicting a program's execution behavior, such as determining the output for a given input or whether a specific…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Lingxiao Tang , He Ye , Zhongxin Liu , Xiaoxue Ren , Lingfeng Bao

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), which combines large language models (LLMs) with retrievals from external knowledge databases, is emerging as a popular approach for reliable LLM serving. However, efficient RAG serving remains an open…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Wenqi Jiang , Suvinay Subramanian , Cat Graves , Gustavo Alonso , Amir Yazdanbakhsh , Vidushi Dadu

Modern language models (LMs) exhibit strong deductive reasoning capabilities, yet standard evaluations emphasize correctness while overlooking a key aspect of reasoning: efficiency. In real-world reasoning scenarios, much of the available…

We introduce Reasoning Gym (RG), a library of reasoning environments for reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards. It provides over 100 data generators and verifiers spanning multiple domains including algebra, arithmetic,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Zafir Stojanovski , Oliver Stanley , Joe Sharratt , Richard Jones , Abdulhakeem Adefioye , Jean Kaddour , Andreas Köpf

We present a model of pragmatic language understanding, where utterances are produced and understood by searching for regularized equilibria of signaling games. In this model (which we call ReCo, for Regularized Conventions), speakers and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Athul Paul Jacob , Gabriele Farina , Jacob Andreas

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a critical technique for enhancing large language model (LLM) capabilities. However, practitioners face significant challenges when making RAG deployment decisions. While existing research…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Shengming Zhao , Yuchen Shao , Yuheng Huang , Jiayang Song , Zhijie Wang , Chengcheng Wan , Lei Ma

General Video Game Playing (GVGP) aims at designing an agent that is capable of playing multiple video games with no human intervention. In 2014, The General Video Game AI (GVGAI) competition framework was created and released with the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-02-25 Diego Perez-Liebana , Jialin Liu , Ahmed Khalifa , Raluca D. Gaina , Julian Togelius , Simon M. Lucas