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We present a neurosymbolic approach, i.e., combining symbolic and subsymbolic artificial intelligence, to validating offer documents in regulated public institutions. We employ a language model to extract information and then aggregate with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Cedric Haufe , Frieder Stolzenburg

Recommendation systems are an integral part of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and have become increasingly important in the growing age of commercialization in AI. Deep learning (DL) techniques for recommendation systems (RS) provide powerful…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-07-18 Homanga Bharadhwaj , Shruti Joshi

Translating informal requirements into formal specifications is challenging due to the ambiguity and variability of natural language (NL). This challenge is particularly pronounced when relying on compact (small and medium) language models,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Medina Andresel , Cristinel Mateis , Dejan Nickovic , Spyridon Kounoupidis , Panagiotis Katsaros , Stavros Tripakis

We study the generalization abilities of language models when translating natural language into formal specifications with complex semantics. In particular, we fine-tune language models on three datasets consisting of English sentences and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Christopher Hahn , Frederik Schmitt , Julia J. Tillman , Niklas Metzger , Julian Siber , Bernd Finkbeiner

We present team semantics for two of the most important linear and branching time specification languages, Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) and Computation Tree Logic (CTL). With team semantics, LTL is able to express hyperproperties, which have…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Andreas Krebs , Arne Meier , Jonni Virtema , Martin Zimmermann

We study two fundamental questions in neuro-symbolic computing: can deep learning tackle challenging problems in logics end-to-end, and can neural networks learn the semantics of logics. In this work we focus on linear-time temporal logic…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-02-19 Christopher Hahn , Frederik Schmitt , Jens U. Kreber , Markus N. Rabe , Bernd Finkbeiner

Temporal Logic (TL) can be used to rigorously specify complex high-level specification for systems in many engineering applications. The translation between natural language (NL) and TL has been under-explored due to the lack of dataset and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Yongchao Chen , Rujul Gandhi , Yang Zhang , Chuchu Fan

Safety verification for autonomous vehicles (AVs) and ground robots is crucial for ensuring reliable operation given their uncertain environments. Formal language tools provide a robust and sound method to verify safety rules for such…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Aditya Parameshwaran , Yue Wang

Tree-structured recursive neural networks (TreeRNNs) for sentence meaning have been successful for many applications, but it remains an open question whether the fixed-length representations that they learn can support tasks as demanding as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-05-15 Samuel R. Bowman , Christopher Potts , Christopher D. Manning

Empirical evaluation of state-of-the-art natural-language (NL) to temporal-logic (TL) translation systems reveals near-perfect performance on existing benchmarks. However, current studies measure only the accuracy of the translation of NL…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-19 William H English , Chase Walker , Dominic Simon , Sumit Kumar Jha , Rickard Ewetz

Linear temporal logic (LTL) is a compelling framework for specifying complex, structured tasks for reinforcement learning (RL) agents. Recent work has shown that interpreting LTL instructions as finite automata, which can be seen as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Mattia Giuri , Mathias Jackermeier , Alessandro Abate

Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) is a widely used specification framework for linear time properties of systems. The standard approach for verifying such properties is by transforming LTL formulae to suitable $\omega$-automata and then applying…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-10-19 Martin Sulzmann , Peter Thiemann

We address the problem of teaching a deep reinforcement learning (RL) agent to follow instructions in multi-task environments. Instructions are expressed in a well-known formal language -- linear temporal logic (LTL) -- and can specify a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-07 Pashootan Vaezipoor , Andrew Li , Rodrigo Toro Icarte , Sheila McIlraith

This paper presents a new approach to design verified compositions of Neural Network (NN) controllers for autonomous systems with tasks captured by Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) formulas. Particularly, the LTL formula requires the system to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Jun Wang , Samarth Kalluraya , Yiannis Kantaros

Automating the translation of natural language (NL) software requirements into formal specifications remains a critical challenge in scaling formal verification practices to industrial settings, particularly in safety-critical domains.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Zhi Ma , Cheng Wen , Zhexin Su , Xiao Liang , Cong Tian , Shengchao Qin , Mengfei Yang

Differentiable logics (DL) have recently been proposed as a method of training neural networks to satisfy logical specifications. A DL consists of a syntax in which specifications are stated and an interpretation function that translates…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Natalia Ślusarz , Ekaterina Komendantskaya , Matthew L. Daggitt , Robert Stewart , Kathrin Stark

To make robots accessible to a broad audience, it is critical to endow them with the ability to take universal modes of communication, like commands given in natural language, and extract a concrete desired task specification, defined using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Jiayi Pan , Glen Chou , Dmitry Berenson

For over a decade, researchers in formal methods tried to create formalisms that permit natural specification of systems and allow mathematical reasoning about their correctness. The availability of fully-automated reasoning tools enables…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-11-17 D. Paun , M. Chechik

This paper describes a technique for inferring temporal-logic properties for sets of finite data streams. Such data streams arise in many domains, including server logs, program testing, and financial and marketing data; temporal-logic…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Samuel Huang , Rance Cleaveland

In temporal logics, a central question is about the choice of modalities and their relative expressive power, in comparison to the complexity of decision problems such as satisfiability. In this tutorial, we will illustrate the study of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-03-08 Kamal Lodaya , Paritosh K. Pandya