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A specification given as a formula in linear temporal logic (LTL) defines a system by its set of traces. However, certain features such as information flow security constraints are rather modeled as so-called hyperproperties, which are sets…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Martin Lück

Linear temporal logic (LTL) is a specification language for finite sequences (called traces) widely used in program verification, motion planning in robotics, process mining, and many other areas. We consider the problem of learning LTL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Ritam Raha , Rajarshi Roy , Nathanaël Fijalkow , Daniel Neider

We propose a policy search approach to learn controllers from specifications given as Signal Temporal Logic (STL) formulae. The system model, which is unknown but assumed to be an affine control system, is learned together with the control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-07 Wenliang Liu , Mirai Nishioka , Calin Belta

Regular cost functions have been introduced recently as an extension to the notion of regular languages with counting capabilities, which retains strong closure, equivalence, and decidability properties. The specificity of cost functions is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-02-09 Denis Kuperberg

A class of interval-based temporal languages for uniformly representing and reasoning about actions and plans is presented. Actions are represented by describing what is true while the action itself is occurring, and plans are constructed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-05-30 A. Artale , E. Franconi

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) can learn to predict Signal Temporal Logic (STL) verdicts online from partial trajectories, but deploying them as runtime monitors in safety-critical systems demands more than predictive accuracy. Standard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Sai Sandeep Damera , Ryan Matheu , Aniruddh G. Puranic , John S. Baras , Calin Belta

Reactive synthesis is a key technique for the design of correct-by-construction systems and has been thoroughly investigated in the last decades. It consists in the synthesis of a controller that reacts to environment's inputs satisfying a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-08-13 Alessandro Cimatti , Luca Geatti , Nicola Gigante , Angelo Montanari , Stefano Tonetta

Forecasting future links is a central task in temporal graph (TG) reasoning, requiring models to leverage historical interactions to predict upcoming ones. Traditional neural approaches, such as temporal graph neural networks, achieve…

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is a powerful formal language for specifying real-time specifications of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). Transforming specifications written in natural language into STL formulas automatically has attracted…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Yue Fang , Jin Zhi , Jie An , Hongshen Chen , Xiaohong Chen , Naijun Zhan

Converting high-level tasks described by natural language into formal specifications like Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) is a key step towards providing formal safety guarantees over cyber-physical systems (CPS). While the compliance of the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Junle Li , Siqi Chen , Jiakai Li , Meiqi Tian , Bingzhuo Zhong

Despite their linguistic competence, Large Language Models (LLMs) often struggle to reason reliably and flexibly. To identify these shortcomings, we introduce the Non-Linear Reasoning (NLR) dataset, a collection of 55 unique, hand-designed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Nasim Borazjanizadeh , Steven T. Piantadosi

Recently, Logic Explained Networks (LENs) have been proposed as explainable-by-design neural models providing logic explanations for their predictions. However, these models have only been applied to vision and tabular data, and they mostly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-28 Rishabh Jain , Gabriele Ciravegna , Pietro Barbiero , Francesco Giannini , Davide Buffelli , Pietro Lio

Machine learning techniques using neural networks have achieved promising success for time-series data classification. However, the models that they produce are challenging to verify and interpret. In this paper, we propose an explainable…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Danyang Li , Mingyu Cai , Cristian-Ioan Vasile , Roberto Tron

This paper argues that the judicial use of formal language theory and grammatical inference are invaluable tools in understanding how deep neural networks can and cannot represent and learn long-term dependencies in temporal sequences.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-10-17 Enes Avcu , Chihiro Shibata , Jeffrey Heinz

Although it is widely accepted that every system should be robust, in the sense that "small" violations of environment assumptions should lead to "small" violations of system guarantees, it is less clear how to make this intuitive notion of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-11-02 Paulo Tabuada , Daniel Neider

Virtually all verification and synthesis techniques assume that the formal specifications are readily available, functionally correct, and fully match the engineer's understanding of the given system. However, this assumption is often…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Simon Lutz , Daniel Neider , Rajarshi Roy

This paper introduces a logic with a class of social network models that is based on standard Linear Temporal Logic (LTL), leveraging the power of existing model checkers for the analysis of social networks. We provide a short literature…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Vitor Machado , Mario Benevides

There has been a growing interest in extracting formal descriptions of the system behaviors from data. Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is an expressive formal language used to describe spatial-temporal properties with interpretability. This…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Danyang Li , Mingyu Cai , Cristian-Ioan Vasile , Roberto Tron

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are the state of the art in sequence modeling for natural language. However, it remains poorly understood what grammatical characteristics of natural language they implicitly learn and represent as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-06 Richard Futrell , Ethan Wilcox , Takashi Morita , Roger Levy

Reinforcement learning (RL) depends critically on the choice of reward functions used to capture the de- sired behavior and constraints of a robot. Usually, these are handcrafted by a expert designer and represent heuristics for relatively…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-03-03 Xiao Li , Cristian-Ioan Vasile , Calin Belta