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We introduce a guessing game, permutation Wordle, in which a guesser attempts to recover a hidden permutation in $S_n$. In each round, the guesser guesses a permutation (using information from previous rounds) and is told which entries of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-27 Samuel A. Kutin , Lawren M. Smithline

$\textit{Magic: The Gathering}$ is a popular and famously complicated trading card game about magical combat. In this paper we show that optimal play in real-world $\textit{Magic}$ is at least as hard as the Halting Problem, solving a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-04-24 Alex Churchill , Stella Biderman , Austin Herrick

We study a game where one player selects a random function, and the other has to guess that function, and show that with high probability the second player can correctly guess most of the random function. We apply this analysis to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-11-28 Catherine Rainer , Eilon Solan

The multiplication game is a two-person game in which each player chooses a positive integer without knowledge of the other player's number. The two numbers are then multiplied together and the first digit of the product determines the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-07-11 Kent E. Morrison

In recent years, agents have become capable of communicating seamlessly via natural language and navigating in environments that involve cooperation and competition, a fact that can introduce social dilemmas. Due to the interleaving of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Maayan Orner , Oleg Maksimov , Akiva Kleinerman , Charles Ortiz , Sarit Kraus

An accumulator is a bet that presents a rather unique payout structure, in that it combines multiple bets into a wager that can generate a total payout given by the multiplication of the individual odds of its parts. These potentially…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Nassim Dehouche

Leadership games provide a powerful paradigm to model many real-world settings. Most literature focuses on games with a single follower who acts optimistically, breaking ties in favour of the leader. Unfortunately, for real-world…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-08-01 Giuseppe De Nittis , Alberto Marchesi , Nicola Gatti

We study the problem of adversarial language games, in which multiple agents with conflicting goals compete with each other via natural language interactions. While adversarial language games are ubiquitous in human activities, little…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-18 Yuan Yao , Haoxi Zhong , Zhengyan Zhang , Xu Han , Xiaozhi Wang , Chaojun Xiao , Guoyang Zeng , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

We explore the potential of self-play training for large language models (LLMs) in a two-player adversarial language game called Adversarial Taboo. In this game, an attacker and a defender communicate around a target word only visible to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Pengyu Cheng , Tianhao Hu , Han Xu , Zhisong Zhang , Zheng Yuan , Yong Dai , Lei Han , Nan Du , Xiaolong Li

We investigate certain word-construction games with variable turn orders. In these games, Alice and Bob take turns on choosing consecutive letters of a word of fixed length, with Alice winning if the result lies in a predetermined target…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Pierre Marcus , Ilkka Törmä

This paper examines the integration of computational complexity into game theoretic models. The example focused on is the Prisoner's Dilemma, repeated for a finite length of time. We show that a minimal bound on the players' computational…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Yishay Mor , Jeffrey S. Rosenschein

Infinitely repeated games can support cooperative outcomes that are not equilibria in the one-shot game. The idea is to make sure that any gains from deviating will be offset by retaliation in future rounds. However, this model of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Ratip Emin Berker , Vincent Conitzer

We study a combinatorial game derived from a problem in the German National Mathematics Competition. In this game, two players take turns removing numbers from a finite set of natural numbers, aiming to satisfy a certain divisibility…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-04 Tim Rammenstein

We examine a naming game on an adaptive weighted network. A weight of connection for a given pair of agents depends on their communication success rate and determines the probability with which the agents communicate. In some cases,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2012-08-10 Dorota Lipowska , Adam Lipowski

The game of best choice (also known as the secretary problem) is a model for sequential decision making with a long history and many variations. The classical setup assumes that the sequence of candidate rankings are uniformly distributed.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-11-06 Brant Jones

Playing repeated matrix games (RMG) while maximizing the cumulative returns is a basic method to evaluate multi-agent learning (MAL) algorithms. Previous work has shown that $UCB$, $M3$, $S$ or $Exp3$ algorithms have good behaviours on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-02 Bruno Bouzy , Marc Métivier , Damien Pellier

We establish the first hardness results for the problem of computing the value of one-round games played by a verifier and a team of provers who can share quantum entanglement. In particular, we show that it is NP-hard to approximate within…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-11-21 Julia Kempe , Hirotada Kobayashi , Keiji Matsumoto , Ben Toner , Thomas Vidick

We introduce a problem set-up we call the Iterated Matching Pennies (IMP) game and show that it is a powerful framework for the study of three problems: adversarial learnability, conventional (i.e., non-adversarial) learnability and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-02-10 Michael Brand , David L. Dowe

We generalize Ebert's Hat Problem for three persons and three colors. All players guess simultaneously the color of their own hat observing only the hat colors of the other players. It is also allowed for each player to pass: no color is…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-04-06 Theo van Uem

Given a fixed graph $H$ and a positive integer $n$, a Picker-Chooser $H$-game is a biased game played on the edge set of $K_n$ in which Picker is trying to force many copies of $H$ and Chooser is trying to prevent him from doing so. In this…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-12-23 Małgorzata Bednarska-Bzdȩga , Dan Hefetz , Tomasz Łuczak