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The automatic evaluation of LLM-based agent intelligence is critical in developing advanced LLM-based agents. Although considerable effort has been devoted to developing human-annotated evaluation datasets, such as AlpacaEval, existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Tian Liang , Zhiwei He , Jen-tse Huang , Wenxuan Wang , Wenxiang Jiao , Rui Wang , Yujiu Yang , Zhaopeng Tu , Shuming Shi , Xing Wang

"Guess Who?" is a popular two player game where players ask "Yes"/"No" questions to search for their opponent's secret identity from a pool of possible candidates. This is modeled as a simple stochastic game. Using this model, the optimal…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-11-24 Mihai Nica

The iterated prisoner's dilemma is a game that produces many counter-intuitive and complex behaviors in a social environment, based on very simple basic rules. It illustrates that cooperation can be a good thing even in a competitive world,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-09-07 Robert Prentner

Similar to a strategic interaction between rational and intelligent agents, cryptography problems can be examined through the prism of game theory. In this setting, the agent aiming to protect a message is called the defender, while the one…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Willie Kouam , Stefan Rass , Zahra Seyedi , Shahzad Ahmad , Eckhard Pfluegel

Several different "hat games" have recently received a fair amount of attention. Typically, in a hat game, one or more players are required to correctly guess their hat colour when given some information about other players' hat colours.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-01-22 Maura B. Paterson , Douglas R. Stinson

At the beginning of 2022, a simplistic word-guessing game took the world by storm and was further adapted to many languages beyond the original English version. In this paper, we examine the strategies of daily word-guessing game players…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Matīss Rikters , Sanita Reinsone

We consider the computational complexity of Hearthstone which is a popular online CCG (collectible card game). We reduce a PSPACE-complete problem, the partition game, to perfect information Hearthstone in which there is no hidden…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Zhujun Zhang

We study a game puzzle that has enjoyed recent popularity among mathematicians, computer scientist, coding theorists and even the mass press. In the game, $n$ players are fitted with randomly assigned colored hats. Individual players can…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2007-07-16 Hendrik W. Lenstra , Gadiel Seroussi

A query game is a pair of a set $Q$ of queries and a set $\mathcal{F}$ of functions, or codewords $f:Q\rightarrow \mathbb{Z}.$ We think of this as a two-player game. One player, Codemaker, picks a hidden codeword $f\in \mathcal{F}$. The…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-07-11 Anders Martinsson

Consider the following one player game. A deck containing $m$ copies of $n$ different card types is shuffled uniformly at random. Each round the player tries to guess the next card in the deck, and then the card is revealed and discarded.…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-07-20 Sam Spiro

Machine learning relies on the assumption that unseen test instances of a classification problem follow the same distribution as observed training data. However, this principle can break down when machine learning is used to make important…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-11-24 Moritz Hardt , Nimrod Megiddo , Christos Papadimitriou , Mary Wootters

Bidding chess is a chess variant where instead of alternating play, players bid for the opportunity to move. Generalizing a known result on so-called Richman games, we show that for a natural class of games including bidding chess, each…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-03-07 Urban Larsson , Johan Wästlund

Mastermind is famous two-players game. The first player (codemaker) chooses a secret code which the second player (codebreaker) is supposed to crack within a minimum number of code guesses (queries). Therefore, codemaker's duty is to help…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-03-27 Moura El Ouali , Volkmar Sauerland

Finding a counterfeit coin with the different weight from a set of visually identical coin using a balance, usually a two-armed balance, known as the balance question, is an intersting and inspiring question. Its variants involve…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Fangqi Li

Wordle is an online word puzzle game that gained viral popularity in January 2022. The goal is to guess a hidden five letter word. After each guess, the player gains information about whether the letters they guessed are present in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Benton J. Anderson , Jesse G. Meyer

Mastermind game is a two players zero sum game of imperfect information. The first player, called codemaker, chooses a secret code and the second player, called codebreaker, tries to break the secret code by making as few guesses as…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-11-21 Mourad El Ouali , Christian Glazik , Volkmar Sauerland , Anand Srivastav

A two-player one-round binary game consists of two cooperative players who each replies by one bit to a message that he receives privately; they win the game if both questions and answers satisfy some predetermined property. A game is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-06-22 Salman Beigi

In many multiagent environments, a designer has some, but limited control over the game being played. In this paper, we formalize this by considering incompletely specified games, in which some entries of the payoff matrices can be chosen…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-04-30 Markus Brill , Rupert Freeman , Vincent Conitzer

In the process of collectively inventing new words for new concepts in a population, conflicts can quickly become numerous, in the form of synonymy and homonymy. Remembering all of them could cost too much memory, and remembering too few…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2018-05-18 William Schueller , Vittorio Loreto , Pierre-Yves Oudeyer

Combinatorial games are two-player games of pure strategy where the players, usually called Left and Right, move alternately. In this paper, we introduce Cheating Robot games. These arise from simultaneous-play combinatorial games where one…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-02-11 Melissa A. Huggan , Richard J. Nowakowski