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As electronic data becomes the lifeline of modern society, privacy concerns increase. These concerns are reflected by the European Union's enactment of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), one of the most comprehensive and robust…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-03-09 Saurav K. Aryal , Peter A. Keiller

The recently published EU Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) is a landmark regulation that regulates the use of AI technologies. One of its novel requirements is the obligation to conduct a Fundamental Rights Impact Assessment (FRIA),…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Tytti Rintamaki , Harshvardhan J. Pandit

The latest data protection regulations worldwide, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), have established the Right of Access by the Data Subject (RADS), granting users the right to access and obtain a copy of their personal…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Zhenhua Li , Zhanpeng Liang , Congcong Yao , Jingyu Hua , Sheng Zhong

Data and derived information about target victims has always been key for successful attacks, both during historical wars and modern cyber wars. Ours turns out to be an era in which modern cars generate a plethora of data about their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Giampaolo Bella , Gianpietro Castiglione , Sergio Esposito , Mario Raciti , Salvatore Riccobene

The European Union's Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) introduces comprehensive guidelines for the development and oversight of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) systems, with significant implications for Graph…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Barbara Hoffmann , Jana Vatter , Ruben Mayer

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were introduced by the United Nations in order to encourage policies and activities that help guarantee human prosperity and sustainability. SDG frameworks produced in the finance industry are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Qingzhi Hu , Daniel Daza , Laurens Swinkels , Kristina Ūsaitė , Robbert-Jan 't Hoen , Paul Groth

Modern machine learning systems are increasingly characterized by extensive personal data collection, despite the diminishing returns and increasing societal costs of such practices. Yet, data minimisation is one of the core data protection…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Divya Shanmugam , Samira Shabanian , Fernando Diaz , Michèle Finck , Asia Biega

Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) aims to automatically predict a law case's judgment results based on the text description of its facts. In practice, the confusing law articles (or charges) problem frequently occurs, reflecting that the law…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Nuo Xu , Pinghui Wang , Junzhou Zhao , Feiyang Sun , Lin Lan , Jing Tao , Li Pan , Xiaohong Guan

In this paper, we examine how online political micro-targeting is regulated in Europe. While there are no specific rules on such micro-targeting, there are general rules that apply. We focus on three fields of law: data protection law,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Tom Dobber , Ronan Ó Fathaigh , Frederik J. Zuiderveen Borgesius

Climate change demands effective legislative action to mitigate its impacts. This study explores the application of machine learning (ML) to understand the progression of climate policy from announcement to adoption, focusing on policies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Patricia West , Michelle WL Wan , Alexander Hepburn , Edwin Simpson , Raul Santos-Rodriguez , Jeffrey N Clark

The purpose of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is to provide improved privacy protection. If an app controls personal data from users, it needs to be compliant with GDPR. However, GDPR lists general rules rather than exact…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-08-17 Ming Fan , Le Yu , Sen Chen , Hao Zhou , Xiapu Luo , Shuyue Li , Yang Liu , Jun Liu , Ting Liu

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) requires organisations to notify supervisory authorities of personal data breaches within 72 hours of discovery. Meeting this strict deadline is challenging because incident responders must…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Aurora Arrus , Maria di Gisi , Sara Lilli , Marco Quadrini

The use of software applications is inevitable as they provide different services to users. The software applications collect, store users' data, and sometimes share with the third party, even without the user consent. One can argue that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-10 Abdulrahman Alhazmi , Nalin Asanka Gamagedara Arachchilage

Data protection regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) in the US affect how software may handle the personal data of its users. Prior literature…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Anne Henning , Lukas Schulte , Steffen Herbold , Oksana Kulyk , Peter Mayer

Right to be Forgotten (RTBF) in one of the oldest and prominent of the legal data rights. While its legal intention is straight forward (for example, the GDPR describes it in just 417 words), the computing community has found it challenging…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Chen Sun , Nikolas Guggenberger , Supreeth Shastri

The Digital Services Act, recently adopted by the EU, requires social media platforms to report the "accuracy" of their automated content moderation systems. The colloquial term is vague, or open-textured -- the literal accuracy (number of…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Johnny Tian-Zheng Wei , Frederike Zufall , Robin Jia

Dataset license compliance is a critical yet complex aspect of developing commercial AI products, particularly with the increasing use of publicly available datasets. Ambiguities in dataset licenses pose significant legal risks, making it…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Jingwen Tan , Gopi Krishnan Rajbahadur , Zi Li , Xiangfu Song , Jianshan Lin , Dan Li , Zibin Zheng , Ahmed E. Hassan

Data regulations like GDPR require systems to support data erasure but leave the definition of "erasure" open to interpretation. This ambiguity makes compliance challenging, especially in databases where data dependencies can lead to erased…

We address the problem of complying with the GDPR while processing and transferring personal data on the web. For this purpose we introduce an extensible profile of OWL2 for representing data protection policies. With this language, a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-01-20 P. A. Bonatti , L. Ioffredo , I. M. Petrova , L. Sauro

Data privacy legislation, such as GDPR and CCPA/CPRA, has rendered data privacy law compliance a requirement of all software systems. Developers need to implement various kinds of functionalities to cover law needs, including user rights…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Ioanna Theophilou , Georgia M. Kapitsaki