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Deep neural networks are known to exhibit a `double descent' behavior as the number of parameters increases. Recently, it has also been shown that an `epochwise double descent' effect exists in which the generalization error initially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-30 Cory Stephenson , Tyler Lee

Neoteric works have shown that modern deep learning models can exhibit a sparse double descent phenomenon. Indeed, as the sparsity of the model increases, the test performance first worsens since the model is overfitting the training data;…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Victor Quétu , Enzo Tartaglione

The bias-variance trade-off is a central concept in supervised learning. In classical statistics, increasing the complexity of a model (e.g., number of parameters) reduces bias but also increases variance. Until recently, it was commonly…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-25 Jason W. Rocks , Pankaj Mehta

The rapid recent progress in machine learning (ML) has raised a number of scientific questions that challenge the longstanding dogma of the field. One of the most important riddles is the good empirical generalization of overparameterized…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-09-07 Yehuda Dar , Vidya Muthukumar , Richard G. Baraniuk

Classical statistical learning theory predicts a U-shaped relationship between test loss and model capacity, driven by the bias-variance trade-off. Recent advances in modern machine learning have revealed a more complex pattern,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-23 Yin Liu , Jianwen Cai , Didong Li

A recent line of research has highlighted the existence of a "double descent" phenomenon in deep learning, whereby increasing the number of training examples $N$ causes the generalization error of neural networks to peak when $N$ is of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-12 Stéphane d'Ascoli , Levent Sagun , Giulio Biroli

Recent works demonstrated the existence of a double-descent phenomenon for the generalization error of neural networks, where highly overparameterized models escape overfitting and achieve good test performance, at odds with the standard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Elizaveta Demyanenko , Christoph Feinauer , Enrico M. Malatesta , Luca Saglietti

Classical learning theory describes a well-characterised U-shaped relationship between model complexity and prediction error, reflecting a transition from underfitting in underparameterised regimes to overfitting as complexity grows. Recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Guillermo Comesaña Cimadevila

Epoch-wise double descent is the phenomenon where generalisation performance improves beyond the point of overfitting, resulting in a generalisation curve exhibiting two descents under the course of learning. Understanding the mechanisms…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-20 Amanda Olmin , Fredrik Lindsten

There has been growing interest in generalization performance of large multilayer neural networks that can be trained to achieve zero training error, while generalizing well on test data. This regime is known as 'second descent' and it…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-09-30 Eng Hock Lee , Vladimir Cherkassky

The risk of overparameterized models, in particular deep neural networks, is often double-descent shaped as a function of the model size. Recently, it was shown that the risk as a function of the early-stopping time can also be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Fatih Furkan Yilmaz , Reinhard Heckel

The double descent (DD) paradox, where over-parameterized models see generalization improve past the interpolation point, remains largely unexplored in the non-stationary domain of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL). We present preliminary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Viktor Veselý , Aleksandar Todorov , Matthia Sabatelli

Current deep neural networks are highly overparameterized (up to billions of connection weights) and nonlinear. Yet they can fit data almost perfectly through variants of gradient descent algorithms and achieve unexpected levels of…

Unlike the conventional wisdom in statistical learning theory, the test error of a deep neural network (DNN) often demonstrates double descent: as the model complexity increases, it first follows a classical U-shaped curve and then shows a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-04 Xiao Zhang , Dongrui Wu , Haoyi Xiong , Bo Dai

We study the transfer learning process between two linear regression problems. An important and timely special case is when the regressors are overparameterized and perfectly interpolate their training data. We examine a parameter transfer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-29 Yehuda Dar , Richard G. Baraniuk

In a series of recent theoretical works, it was shown that strongly over-parameterized neural networks trained with gradient-based methods could converge exponentially fast to zero training loss, with their parameters hardly varying. In…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-01-08 Lenaic Chizat , Edouard Oyallon , Francis Bach

We study generalised linear regression and classification for a synthetically generated dataset encompassing different problems of interest, such as learning with random features, neural networks in the lazy training regime, and the hidden…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-03-28 Federica Gerace , Bruno Loureiro , Florent Krzakala , Marc Mézard , Lenka Zdeborová

We perform an average case analysis of the generalization dynamics of large neural networks trained using gradient descent. We study the practically-relevant "high-dimensional" regime where the number of free parameters in the network is on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-10-11 Madhu S. Advani , Andrew M. Saxe

We show that a variety of modern deep learning tasks exhibit a "double-descent" phenomenon where, as we increase model size, performance first gets worse and then gets better. Moreover, we show that double descent occurs not just as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-06 Preetum Nakkiran , Gal Kaplun , Yamini Bansal , Tristan Yang , Boaz Barak , Ilya Sutskever

Deep neural networks are widely used prediction algorithms whose performance often improves as the number of weights increases, leading to over-parametrization. We consider a two-layered neural network whose first layer is frozen while the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Roman Worschech , Bernd Rosenow