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Dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs) are used in medicine to tailor sequential treatment decisions to patients by considering patient heterogeneity. Common methods for learning optimal DTRs, however, have shortcomings: they are typically based…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-21 Theresa Blümlein , Joel Persson , Stefan Feuerriegel

The optimal dynamic treatment rule (ODTR) framework offers an approach for understanding which kinds of patients respond best to specific treatments -- in other words, treatment effect heterogeneity. Recently, there has been a proliferation…

Consider a setting in which a policy maker assigns subjects to treatments, observing each outcome before the next subject arrives. Initially, it is unknown which treatment is best, but the sequential nature of the problem permits learning…

Econometrics · Economics 2020-08-13 Anders Bredahl Kock , David Preinerstorfer , Bezirgen Veliyev

This paper studies policy learning for continuous treatments from observational data. Continuous treatments present more significant challenges than discrete ones because population welfare may need nonparametric estimation, and policy…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-12-02 Chunrong Ai , Yue Fang , Haitian Xie

Dynamic treatment regimes (DTR) are sequential decision rules corresponding to several stages of intervention. Each rule maps patients' covariates to optional treatments. The optimal dynamic treatment regime is the one that maximizes the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-10 Zhishuai Liu , Zishu Zhan , Jian Liu , Danhui Yi , Cunjie Lin , Yufei Yang

An optimal dynamic treatment regime (DTR) is a sequence of decision rules aimed at providing the best course of treatments individualized to patients. While conventional DTR estimation uses longitudinal data, such data can also be…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-06 Larry Dong , Eleanor Pullenayegum , Rodolphe Thiébaut , Olli Saarela

A fundamental principle of clinical medicine is that a treatment should only be administered to those patients who would benefit from it. Treatment strategies that assign treatment to patients as a function of their individual…

Applications · Statistics 2025-06-13 Nicholas Williams , Kara Rudolph , Iván Díaz

Stabilized dynamic treatment regimes are sequential decision rules for individual patients that not only adaptive throughout the disease progression but also remain consistent over time in format. The estimation of stabilized dynamic…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-03-05 Ying-Qi Zhao , Ruoqing Zhu , Guanhua Chen , Yingye Zheng

There is a fast-growing literature on estimating optimal treatment regimes based on randomized trials or observational studies under a key identifying condition of no unmeasured confounding. Because confounding by unmeasured factors cannot…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-08-12 Yifan Cui , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen

These lecture notes are derived from a graduate-level course in dynamic optimization, offering an introduction to techniques and models extensively used in management science, economics, operations research, engineering, and computer…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-10-11 Bar Light

Precision medicine is a promising framework for generating evidence to improve health and health care. Yet, a gap persists between the ever-growing number of statistical precision medicine strategies for evidence generation and…

The application of existing methods for constructing optimal dynamic treatment regimes is limited to cases where investigators are interested in optimizing a utility function over a fixed period of time (finite horizon). In this manuscript,…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-10-22 Ashkan Ertefaie

Optimal dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs), as a key part of precision medicine, have progressively gained more attention recently. To inform clinical decision making, interpretable and parsimonious models for contrast functions are…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-08 Chunyu Wang , Brian Tom

A main research goal in various studies is to use an observational data set and provide a new set of counterfactual guidelines that can yield causal improvements. Dynamic Treatment Regimes (DTRs) are widely studied to formalize this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Soroush Saghafian

We propose a new method in indefinite-horizon settings for estimating optimal dynamic treatment regimes for time-to-event outcomes. This method allows patients to have different numbers of treatment stages and is constructed using…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-31 Jane She , Matthew Egberg , Michael R. Kosorok

Dynamic mechanism design is a challenging extension to ordinary mechanism design in which the mechanism designer must make a sequence of decisions over time in the face of possibly untruthful reports of participating agents. Optimizing…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Michael Curry , Vinzenz Thoma , Darshan Chakrabarti , Stephen McAleer , Christian Kroer , Tuomas Sandholm , Niao He , Sven Seuken

This paper studies the problem of estimating individualized treatment rules when treatment effects are partially identified, as it is often the case with observational data. By drawing connections between the treatment assignment problem…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-01-02 Riccardo D'Adamo

Identifying who should be treated is a central question in economics. There are two competing approaches to targeting - paternalistic and autonomous. In the paternalistic approach, policymakers optimally target the policy given observable…

The advent of big data has vast potential for discovery in natural phenomena ranging from climate science to medicine, but overwhelming complexity stymies insight. Existing theory is often not able to succinctly describe salient phenomena,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Bryan E. Kaiser , Juan A. Saenz , Maike Sonnewald , Daniel Livescu

This paper studies a penalized statistical decision rule for the treatment assignment problem. Consider the setting of a utilitarian policy maker who must use sample data to allocate a binary treatment to members of a population, based on…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-12-10 Eric Mbakop , Max Tabord-Meehan