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Two graphs $G$ and $H$ are homomorphism indistinguishable over a graph class $\mathcal{F}$ if they admit the same number of homomorphisms from every graph $F \in \mathcal{F}$. Many graph isomorphism relaxations such as (quantum) isomorphism…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Marek Černý , Tim Seppelt

This paper develops two heuristic algorithms to solve graph isomorphism, using free energy encoding. The first algorithm uses four types of encoding refinement techniques such that every graph can be distinguished by a canonical number…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-09-15 Cewei Cui , Zhe Dang

Graph matching is a fundamental problem in pattern recognition, with many applications such as software analysis and computational biology. One well-known type of graph matching problem is graph isomorphism, which consists of deciding if…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Miguel Terra-Neves , José Amaral , Alexandre Lemos , Rui Quintino , Pedro Resende , Antonio Alegria

We consider the subgraph isomorphism problem where, given two graphs G (source graph) and F (pattern graph), one is to decide whether there is a (not necessarily induced) subgraph of G isomorphic to F. While many practical heuristic…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-08-30 Josef Malík , Ondřej Suchý , Tomáš Valla

We extend the concept of graph isomorphisms to multilayer networks with any number of "aspects" (i.e., types of layering). In developing this generalization, we identify multiple types of isomorphisms. For example, in multilayer networks…

Physics and Society · Physics 2017-02-17 Mikko Kivelä , Mason A. Porter

The graph isomorphism problem asks whether two graphs are identical up to vertex relabeling. While the exact problem admits quasi-polynomial-time classical algorithms, many applications in molecular comparison, noisy network analysis, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Prateek P. Kulkarni

The isomorphism problem for graphs (GI) and the isomorphism problem for groups (GrISO) have been studied extensively by researchers. The current best algorithms for both these problems run in quasipolynomial time. In this paper, we study…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Bireswar Das , Jinia Ghosh , Anant Kumar

Graph learning (GL) can dynamically capture the distribution structure (graph structure) of data based on graph convolutional networks (GCN), and the learning quality of the graph structure directly influences GCN for semi-supervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-01 Guangfeng Lin , Xiaobing Kang , Kaiyang Liao , Fan Zhao , Yajun Chen

Graph contrastive learning (GCL) has attracted a surge of attention due to its superior performance for learning node/graph representations without labels. However, in practice, the underlying class distribution of unlabeled nodes for the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Liang Zeng , Lanqing Li , Ziqi Gao , Peilin Zhao , Jian Li

Subgraph isomorphism counting is known as #P-complete and requires exponential time to find the accurate solution. Utilizing representation learning has been shown as a promising direction to represent substructures and approximate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Xin Liu , Weiqi Wang , Jiaxin Bai , Yangqiu Song

Node classification and graph classification are two graph learning problems that predict the class label of a node and the class label of a graph respectively. A node of a graph usually represents a real-world entity, e.g., a user in a…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Jia Li , Yongfeng Huang , Heng Chang , Yu Rong

Edge-labeled graphs are widely used to describe relationships between entities in a database. Given a query subgraph that represents an example of what the user is searching for, we study the problem of efficiently searching for similar…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Zhaoyang Shao , Davood Rafiei , Themis Palpanas

Graph convolution (GConv) is a widely used technique that has been demonstrated to be extremely effective for graph learning applications, most notably node categorization. On the other hand, many GConv-based models do not quantify the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Zhiqian Chen , Zonghan Zhang

Classical graph matching aims to find a node correspondence between two unlabeled graphs of known topologies. This problem has a wide range of applications, from matching identities in social networks to identifying similar biological…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-28 Hang Liu , Anna Scaglione , Hoi-To Wai

Subgraph isomorphism counting is an important problem on graphs, as many graph-based tasks exploit recurring subgraph patterns. Classical methods usually boil down to a backtracking framework that needs to navigate a huge search space with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Xingtong Yu , Zemin Liu , Yuan Fang , Xinming Zhang

In this paper, we investigate the problem of generating the spanning trees of a graph $G$ up to the automorphisms or "symmetries" of $G$. After introducing and surveying this problem for general input graphs, we present algorithms that…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Mithra Karamchedu , Lucas Bang

We present a generic and automated approach to re-identifying nodes in anonymized social networks which enables novel anonymization techniques to be quickly evaluated. It uses machine learning (decision forests) to matching pairs of nodes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-08-08 Kumar Sharad , George Danezis

We prove that there exists an algorithm for determining whether two piecewise-linear spatial graphs are isomorphic. In its most general form, our theorem applies to spatial graphs furnished with vertex colorings, edge colorings and/or edge…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2024-05-22 Stefan Friedl , Lars Munser , José Pedro Quintanilha , Yuri Santos Rego

We introduce and study the problem \mpd, which asks for two planar graphs $G_1$ and $G_2$ whether $G_1$ can be embedded such that its dual is isomorphic to $G_2$. Our algorithmic main result is an NP-completeness proof for the general case…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2013-03-08 Patrizio Angelini , Thomas Bläsius , Ignaz Rutter

Intersection graphs are well-studied in the area of graph algorithms. Some intersection graph classes are known to have algorithms enumerating all unlabeled graphs by reverse search. Since these algorithms output graphs one by one and the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-12-15 Jun Kawahara , Toshiki Saitoh , Hirokazu Takeda , Ryo Yoshinaka , Yui Yoshioka
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