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In this paper, we consider two ways of breaking a graph's symmetry: distinguishing labelings and fixing sets. A distinguishing labeling $\phi$ of $G$ colors the vertices of $G$ so that the only automorphism of the labeled graph $(G, \phi)$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-15 Christine T. Cheng

Graph pattern matching is a routine process for a wide variety of applications such as social network analysis. It is typically defined in terms of subgraph isomorphism which is NP-Complete. To lower its complexity, many extensions of graph…

Databases · Computer Science 2018-04-13 Houari Mahfoud

In this paper we resolve the complexity of the isomorphism problem on all but finitely many of the graph classes characterized by two forbidden induced subgraphs. To this end we develop new techniques applicable for the structural and…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2014-11-10 Pascal Schweitzer

The subgraph isomorphism finding problem is a well-studied problem in the field of computer science and graph theory, and it aims to enumerate all instances of a query graph in the respective data graph. In this paper, we propose an…

Databases · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Zubair Ali Ansari , Muhammad Abulaish , Irfan Rashid Thoker , Jahiruddin

An explicit algorithm is presented for testing whether two non-directed graphs are isomorphic or not. It is shown that for a graph of n vertices, the number of n independent operations needed for the test is polynomial in n. A proof that…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Moshe Schwartz

The criteria for determining graph isomorphism are crucial for solving graph isomorphism problems. The necessary condition is that two isomorphic graphs possess invariants, but their function can only be used to filtrate and subdivide…

Graphics · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Chuanfu Hu , Aimin Hou

The individualization-refinement paradigm for computing a canonical labeling and the automorphism group of a graph is investigated. A new algorithmic design aimed at reducing the size of the associated search space is introduced, and a new…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-03-13 Adolfo Piperno

In recent years there has been a rapid increase in classification methods on graph structured data. Both in graph kernels and graph neural networks, one of the implicit assumptions of successful state-of-the-art models was that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-01 Sergei Ivanov , Sergei Sviridov , Evgeny Burnaev

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved remarkable performance in modeling graphs for various applications. However, most existing GNNs assume the graphs exhibit strong homophily in node labels, i.e., nodes with similar labels are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-20 Enyan Dai , Shijie Zhou , Zhimeng Guo , Suhang Wang

The complexity of graph isomorphism (GraphIso) is a famous unresolved problem in theoretical computer science. For graphs $G$ and $H$, it asks whether they are the same up to a relabeling of vertices. In 1981, Lubiw proved that list…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-11-03 Pavel Klavik , Dušan Knop , Peter Zeman

Graph-based classification methods are widely used for security and privacy analytics. Roughly speaking, graph-based classification methods include collective classification and graph neural network. Evading a graph-based classification…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-08-14 Binghui Wang , Neil Zhenqiang Gong

It is well-known that the graph isomorphism problem can be posed as an equivalent problem of determining whether an auxiliary graph structure contains a clique of specific order. However, the algorithms that have been developed so far for…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Giannis Nikolentzos , Michalis Vazirgiannis

The Subgraph Isomorphism problem asks, given a host graph G on n vertices and a pattern graph P on k vertices, whether G contains a subgraph isomorphic to P. The restriction of this problem to planar graphs has often been considered. After…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Paul Bonsma

Multi-Label Image Classification (MLIC) aims to predict a set of labels that present in an image. The key to deal with such problem is to mine the associations between image contents and labels, and further obtain the correct assignments…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Yanan Wu , He Liu , Songhe Feng , Yi Jin , Gengyu Lyu , Zizhang Wu

We study the complexity of the Graph Isomorphism problem on graph classes that are characterized by a finite number of forbidden induced subgraphs, focusing mostly on the case of two forbidden subgraphs. We show hardness results and develop…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-03-20 Stefan Kratsch , Pascal Schweitzer

Graph Identification (GI) has long been researched in graph learning and is essential in certain applications (e.g. social community detection). Specifically, GI requires to predict the label/score of a target graph given its collection of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Tian Bian , Xi Xiao , Tingyang Xu , Yu Rong , Wenbing Huang , Peilin Zhao , Junzhou Huang

A set $S$ of isometric paths of a graph $G$ is ``$v$-rooted'', where $v$ is a vertex of $G$, if $v$ is one of the endpoints of all the isometric paths in $S$. The isometric path complexity of a graph $G$, denoted by $ipco{G}$, is the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-03 Dibyayan Chakraborty , Jérémie Chalopin , Florent Foucaud , Yann Vaxès

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) addresses the critical challenge of training accurate models when labeled data is scarce but unlabeled data is abundant. Graph-based SSL (GSSL) has emerged as a popular framework that captures data structure…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-10 Nadav Katz , Ariel Jaffe

A new approach of graph matching is introduced in this paper, which efficiently solves the problem of graph isomorphism and subgraph isomorphism. In this paper we are introducing a new approach called SubGraD, for query graph detection in…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-05-23 Akshara Pande , Vivekanand Pant , S. Nigam

Can neural networks learn to compare graphs without feature engineering? In this paper, we show that it is possible to learn representations for graph similarity with neither domain knowledge nor supervision (i.e.\ feature engineering or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-23 Rami Al-Rfou , Dustin Zelle , Bryan Perozzi