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The study of quantum circuits composed of commuting gates is particularly useful to understand the delicate boundary between quantum and classical computation. Indeed, while being a restricted class, commuting circuits exhibit genuine…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-03-19 Xiaotong Ni , Maarten Van den Nest

Achieving quantum computational advantage requires solving a classically intractable problem on a quantum device. Natural proposals rely upon the intrinsic hardness of classically simulating quantum mechanics; however, verifying the output…

For random quantum circuits on $n$ qubits of depth $\Theta(\log n)$ with depolarizing noise, the task of sampling from the output state can be efficiently performed classically using a Pauli path method [Aharonov et al. Proceedings of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-07 Guillermo González-García , J. Ignacio Cirac , Rahul Trivedi

We study quantum-classical separations between classical and quantum supervised learning models based on constant depth (i.e., shallow) circuits, in scenarios with and without noises. We construct a classification problem defined by a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-03 Zhihan Zhang , Weiyuan Gong , Weikang Li , Dong-Ling Deng

We introduce the magic hierarchy, a quantum circuit model that alternates between arbitrary-sized Clifford circuits and constant-depth circuits with two-qubit gates ($\textsf{QNC}^0$). This model unifies existing circuit models, such as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-29 Natalie Parham

Several classes of quantum circuits have been shown to provide a quantum computational advantage under certain assumptions. The study of ever more restricted classes of quantum circuits capable of quantum advantage is motivated by possible…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-10 Michael de Oliveira , Luís S. Barbosa , Ernesto F. Galvão

Properties of quantum systems can be estimated using classical shadows, which implement measurements based on random ensembles of unitaries. Originally derived for global Clifford unitaries and products of single-qubit Clifford gates,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-25 Mirko Arienzo , Markus Heinrich , Ingo Roth , Martin Kliesch

We present a robust shadow estimation protocol for wide classes of low-depth measurement circuits that mitigates noise as long as the effective measurement map including noise is locally unitarily invariant. This is in practice an excellent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-26 Renato M. S. Farias , Raghavendra D. Peddinti , Ingo Roth , Leandro Aolita

Quantum advantage is notoriously hard to find and even harder to prove. For example the class of functions computable with classical physics actually exactly coincides with the class computable quantum-mechanically. It is strongly believed,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-07 Howard Dale , David Jennings , Terry Rudolph

We consider quantum circuits composed of single-qubit operations and global entangling gates generated by Ising-type Hamiltonians. It is shown that such circuits can implement a large class of unitary operators commonly used in quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-02 Sergey Bravyi , Dmitri Maslov , Yunseong Nam

We introduce magic-augmented Clifford circuits -- architectures in which Clifford circuits are preceded and/or followed by constant-depth circuits of non-Clifford (``magic") gates -- as a resource-efficient way to realize approximate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Yuzhen Zhang , Sagar Vijay , Yingfei Gu , Yimu Bao

Random quantum states have various applications in quantum information science. We discover a new ensemble of quantum states that serve as an $\epsilon$-approximate state $t$-design while possessing extremely low entanglement, magic, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-25 Wonjun Lee , Minki Hhan , Gil Young Cho , Hyukjoon Kwon

Recent breakthroughs have opened the possibility to intermediate-scale quantum computing with tens to hundreds of qubits, and shown the potential for solving classical challenging problems, such as in chemistry and condensed matter physics.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-30 Zhong-Xia Shang , Ming-Cheng Chen , Xiao Yuan , Chao-Yang Lu , Jian-Wei Pan

We propose a set of Bell-type nonlocal games that can be used to prove an unconditional quantum advantage in an objective and hardware-agnostic manner. In these games, the circuit depth needed to prepare a cyclic cluster state and measure a…

Quantum advantage schemes probe the boundary between classically simulatable and classically intractable quantum dynamics. We explore the impact of mid-circuit measurements on the computational power of quantum circuits. To this effect, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Chenfeng Cao , Jens Eisert

The design and optimization of a large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computer architecture relies extensively on numerical simulations to assess the performance of each component of the architecture. The simulation of fault-tolerant gadgets,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-28 Nicolas Delfosse , Adam Paetznick

A proof of quantumness is an efficiently verifiable interactive test that an efficient quantum computer can pass, but all efficient classical computers cannot (under some cryptographic assumption). Such protocols play a crucial role in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-27 Petia Arabadjieva , Alexandru Gheorghiu , Victor Gitton , Tony Metger

Classical data encoding is usually treated as a black-box in the oracle-based quantum algorithms. On the other hand, their constructions are crucial for practical algorithm implementations. Here, we open the black-boxes of data encoding and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-30 Xiao-Ming Zhang , Xiao Yuan

We introduce a new family of quantum circuits for which the scrambling of a subspace of non-local operators is classically simulable. We call these circuits `super-Clifford circuits', since the Heisenberg time evolution of these operators…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-22 Mike Blake , Noah Linden