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The Elo rating system, which was originally proposed by Arpad Elo for chess, has become one of the most important rating systems in sports, economics and gaming nowadays. Its original formulation is based on two-player zero-sum games, but…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-04-12 Düring Bertram , Fischer Michael , Wolfram Marie-Therese

The Elo rating system is a highly successful ranking algorithm for games of skill where, by construction, one team wins and the other loses. A primary limitation of the original Elo algorithm is its inability to predict information beyond a…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-02-05 J. Scott Moreland , Matthew C. Superdock

In this work we develop a new algorithm for rating of teams (or players) in one-on-one games by exploiting the observed difference of the game-points (such as goals), also known as a margin of victory (MOV). Our objective is to obtain the…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-02-09 Leszek Szczecinski

ELO rating system is proposed by Arpad Elo, a Hungarian-American physics professor. Originally, it was proposed for the ranking system of chess players, but it was soon adapted to many other zero-sum sports fields like football, baseball,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Yuhan Song

The Elo algorithm, renowned for its simplicity, is widely used for rating in sports tournaments and other applications. However, despite its widespread use, a detailed understanding of the convergence characteristics of the Elo algorithm is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Daniel Gomes de Pinho Zanco , Leszek Szczecinski , Eduardo Vinicius Kuhn , Rui Seara

Rating systems play a crucial role in evaluating player skill across competitive environments. The Elo rating system, originally designed for deterministic and information-complete games such as chess, has been widely adopted and modified…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Avirup Chakraborty , Shirsa Maitra , Tathagata Banerjee , Diganta Mukherjee , Tridib Mukherjee

This article discusses in detail the rating system that won the kaggle competition "Chess Ratings: Elo vs the rest of the world". The competition provided a historical dataset of outcomes for chess games, and aimed to discover whether novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-03-17 Yannis Sismanis

The Elo system for rating chess players, also used in other games and sports, was adopted by the World Chess Federation over four decades ago. Although not without controversy, it is accepted as generally reliable and provides a method for…

Physics and Society · Physics 2011-03-31 Trevor Fenner , Mark Levene , George Loizou

In Natural Language Processing (NLP), the Elo rating system, originally designed for ranking players in dynamic games such as chess, is increasingly being used to evaluate Large Language Models (LLMs) through "A vs B" paired comparisons.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Meriem Boubdir , Edward Kim , Beyza Ermis , Sara Hooker , Marzieh Fadaee

Elo rating systems measure the approximate skill of each competitor in a game or sport. A competitor's rating increases when they win and decreases when they lose. Increasing one's rating can be difficult work; one must hone their skills…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-04-16 Rikhav Shah

Elo rating, widely used for skill assessment across diverse domains ranging from competitive games to large language models, is often understood as an incremental update algorithm for estimating a stationary Bradley-Terry (BT) model.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Shange Tang , Yuanhao Wang , Chi Jin

This paper introduces a score-driven rating system, a generalization of the classical Elo rating system that employs the score, i.e. the gradient of the log-likelihood, as the updating mechanism for player and team ratings. The proposed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Vladimír Holý , Michal Černý

The Elo rating system is a simple and widely used method for calculating players' skills from paired comparisons data. Many have extended it in various ways. Yet the question of updating players' variances remains to be further explored. In…

Applications · Statistics 2023-10-17 Hsuan-Fu Hua , Ching-Ju Chang , Tse-Ching Lin , Ruby Chiu-Hsing Weng

We present a theoretical analysis of the Elo rating system, a popular method for ranking skills of players in an online setting. In particular, we study Elo under the Bradley--Terry--Luce model and, using techniques from Markov chain…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-06-11 Sam Olesker-Taylor , Luca Zanetti

This study aims to provide a data-driven approach for empirically tuning and validating rating systems, focusing on the Elo system. Well-known rating frameworks, such as Elo, Glicko, TrueSkill systems, rely on parameters that are usually…

Applications · Statistics 2025-12-23 Shirsa Maitra , Tathagata Banerjee , Anushka De , Diganta Mukherjee , Tridib Mukherjee

This work reconciles two perspectives on the Elo ranking that coexist in the literature: the practitioner's view as a heuristic feedback rule, and the statistician's view as online maximum likelihood estimation via stochastic gradient…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-07 Leszek Szczecinski

Assessing the skill level of players to predict the outcome and to rank the players in a longer series of games is of critical importance for tournament play. Besides weaknesses, like an observed continuous inflation, through a steadily…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Stefan Edelkamp

The Elo rating system is widely adopted to evaluate the skills of (chess) game and sports players. Recently it has been also integrated into machine learning algorithms in evaluating the performance of computerised AI agents. However, an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Xue Yan , Yali Du , Binxin Ru , Jun Wang , Haifeng Zhang , Xu Chen

The Elo rating system is a popular and widely adopted method for measuring the relative skill levels of players or teams in various sports and competitions. It assigns players numerical ratings and dynamically updates them based on game…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-01-28 Roberto Cortez , Hagop Tossounian

In arena-style evaluation of large language models (LLMs), two LLMs respond to a user query, and the user chooses the winning response or deems the "battle" a draw, resulting in an adjustment to the ratings of both models. The prevailing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Raphael Tang , Crystina Zhang , Wenyan Li , Carmen Lai , Pontus Stenetorp , Yao Lu
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