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The Elo rating system has been used world wide for individual sports and team sports, as exemplified by the European Go Federation (EGF), International Chess Federation (FIDE), International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Ben Wise

We suggest an improvement of the Elo rating system. Whereas Elo's theoretical background remains unaffected, we significantly change the way in which rating values are adjusted. It turns out that the modified system behaves much more…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2018-01-17 Fabian Langholf

Evaluation has traditionally focused on ranking candidates for a specific skill. Modern generalist models, such as Large Language Models (LLMs), decidedly outpace this paradigm. Open-ended evaluation systems, where candidate models are…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Siqi Liu , Ian Gemp , Luke Marris , Georgios Piliouras , Nicolas Heess , Marc Lanctot

Marking and feedback are essential features of teaching and learning, across the overwhelming majority of educational settings and contexts. However, it can take a great deal of time and effort for teachers to mark assessments, and to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-04-06 Andy Gray , Alma Rahat , Tom Crick , Stephen Lindsay , Darren Wallace

Rating systems play an important role in competitive sports and games. They provide a measure of player skill, which incentivizes competitive performances and enables balanced match-ups. In this paper, we present a novel Bayesian rating…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-01-05 Aram Ebtekar , Paul Liu

We introduce a novel system of matching and scoring players in tournaments, called Multi-Tier Tournaments, illustrated by chess and based on the following rules: 1. Players are divided into skill-based tiers, based on their Elo ratings. 2.…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2024-07-22 Steven J. Brams , Mehmet S. Ismail

In this work, a machine learning approach is developed for predicting the outcomes of football matches. The novelty of this research lies in the utilisation of the Kelly Index to first classify matches into categories where each one denotes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Yiming Ren , Teo Susnjak

It was recently observed that Elo ratings fail at preserving transitive relations among strategies and therefore cannot correctly extract the transitive component of a game. We provide a characterization of transitive games as a weak…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Nelson Vadori , Rahul Savani

This paper investigates the evaluation of learned multiagent strategies in the incomplete information setting, which plays a critical role in ranking and training of agents. Traditionally, researchers have relied on Elo ratings for this…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2020-01-13 Mark Rowland , Shayegan Omidshafiei , Karl Tuyls , Julien Perolat , Michal Valko , Georgios Piliouras , Remi Munos

In this work, we deal with the problem of rating in sports, where the skills of the players/teams are inferred from the observed outcomes of the games. Our focus is on the online rating algorithms which estimate the skills after each new…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-04-30 Leszek Szczecinski , Raphaëlle Tihon

Real-world competitive games, such as chess, go, or StarCraft II, rely on Elo models to measure the strength of their players. Since these games are not fully transitive, using Elo implicitly assumes they have a strong transitive component…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Quentin Bertrand , Wojciech Marian Czarnecki , Gauthier Gidel

Many environments assign several Elo ratings to the same agent: a chess player has classical, rapid, and blitz ratings; an online platform may rate by time control, mode, or format; an evaluator may rate performance across tasks or roles.…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2026-05-12 Mehmet Mars Seven

In this note, I introduce Estimated Performance Rating (PR$^e$), a novel system for evaluating player performance in sports and games. PR$^e$ addresses a key limitation of the Tournament Performance Rating (TPR) system, which is undefined…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2023-12-21 Mehmet S. Ismail

This paper presents an Elo-based rating system for programming contests, specifically Topcoder's Single Round Matches (SRMs). We introduce a logarithmic rank-based performance metric that allows single-round, multi-player contest results to…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Fred Batty

Ranking athletes by their performance in competitions and tournaments is common in every popular sport and has significant benefits that contribute to both the organization and strategic aspects of competitions. Although rankings are…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-08-28 Bogdán Asztalos , Boldizsár Balázs , Gergely Palla , Tamás Vicsek

One of the most popular club football tournaments, the UEFA Champions League, will see a fundamental reform from the 2024/25 season: the traditional group stage will be replaced by one league where each of the 36 teams plays eight matches.…

Applications · Statistics 2024-04-03 László Csató

The approaches routinely used to model the outcomes of football matches are characterised by strong assumptions about the dependence between the number of goals scored by the two competing teams and their marginal distribution. In this…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-12-06 Marco Petretta , Lorenzo Schiavon , Jacopo Diquigiovanni

This paper presents an original model for assessing scientific productivity, research power ranking, RPR, which is based on the adaptation of the Elo rating system to the context of scientific activity. Unlike traditional scientometric…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-04-30 Eldar Knar

Rating strategies in a game is an important area of research in game theory and artificial intelligence, and can be applied to any real-world competitive or cooperative setting. Traditionally, only transitive dependencies between strategies…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Luke Marris , Marc Lanctot , Ian Gemp , Shayegan Omidshafiei , Stephen McAleer , Jerome Connor , Karl Tuyls , Thore Graepel

Cricket betting is a multi-billion dollar market. Therefore, there is a strong incentive for models that can predict the outcomes of games and beat the odds provided by bookers. The aim of this study was to investigate to what degree it is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-11-19 Stylianos Kampakis , William Thomas