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Related papers: Pricing inertia and Frequency Response with divers…

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This paper analyses the issue of frequency quality in low-inertia power systems. The analysis is based on a real-world large-scale low-inertia power system namely, the All-Island transmission system (AITS) of Ireland and Northern Ireland…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-06 Taulant Kerci , Manuel Hurtado , Mariglen Gjergji , Simon Tweed , Eoin Kennedy , Federico Milano

We study the problem of decentralized secondary frequency regulation in power networks where ancillary services are provided via on-off load-side participation. We initially consider on-off loads that switch when prescribed frequency…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-09-17 Andreas Kasis , Nima Monshizadeh , Ioannis Lestas

The rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) is a critical factor in ensuring frequency security, particularly in power systems with low inertia. Currently, most RoCoF security constrained optimal inertia dispatch methods and inertia market…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-03 Licheng Wang , Luochen Xie , Gang Huang , Changsen Feng

Modular batteries can be aggregated to deliver frequency regulation services for power grids. Although utilizing the idle capacity of battery modules is financially attractive, it remains challenging to consider the heterogeneous…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-07 Yutong He , Guangchun Ruan , Haiwang Zhong

The increasing penetration of converter-based renewable generation has resulted in faster frequency dynamics, and low and variable inertia. As a result, there is a need for frequency control methods that are able to stabilize a disturbance…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-13 Jie Feng , Manasa Muralidharan , Rodrigo Henriquez-Auba , Patricia Hidalgo-Gonzalez , Yuanyuan Shi

Synchronous Generators (SGs) currently provide important levels of Short-Circuit Current (SCC), a critical ancillary service that ensures line protections trip during short-circuit faults. Given the ongoing replacement of SGs by…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-11 Peng Wang , Luis Badesa

Rotational inertia is stabilizing the frequency of electric power systems against small and large disturbances, but it is also the cause for oscillations between generators. As more and more conventional generators are replaced by renewable…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-05-10 Theodor Borsche , Florian Dörfler

Higher penetration of renewable generation will increase the demand for adequate (and cost-effective) controllable resources on the grid that can mitigate and contain the contingencies locally before it can cause a network-wide collapse.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-06-08 Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Soumya Kundu , Draguna Vrabie , Karan Kalsi , Jianming Lian

The stability of AC power grids relies on ancillary services that mitigate frequency fluctuations. The electromechanical inertia of large synchronous generators is currently the only resource to absorb frequency disturbances on sub-second…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-21 Julian Fritzsch , Philippe Jacquod

In a power grid, the electricity supply and demand must be balanced at all times to maintain the system's frequency. In practice, the grid operator achieves this balance by procuring frequency reserves in an ahead-of-time market setting.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-11-05 Felix Rey , Xiaojing Zhang , Sandro Merkli , Valentina Agliati , Maryam Kamgarpour , John Lygeros

High penetration of renewable energy sources intensifies frequency fluctuations in multi-area power systems, challenging both stability and operational safety. This paper proposes a novel distributed frequency control method that ensures…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-10 Xiemin Mo , Tao Liu

The issues of uncertainty and frequency security could become significantly serious in power systems with the high penetration of volatile inverter-based renewables (IBRs). These issues make it necessary to consider the uncertainty and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-08 Ye Tian , Zhengshuo Li , Wenchuan Wu , Miao Fan

Power systems must maintain the frequency within acceptable limits when subjected to a disturbance. To ensure this, the most significant credible disturbance in the system is normally used as a benchmark to allocate the Primary Frequency…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2023-11-28 Alinane B. Kilembe Panagiotis N. Papadopoulos

With increased wind power penetration in modern power systems, wind plants are required to provide frequency support similar to conventional plants. However, for the existing frequency regulation scheme of wind turbines, the control gains…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-22 Cheng Zhong , Yueming Lv , Huayi Li , JiKai Chen , Yang Li

Security and stability challenges in future power systems with high penetration Inverter-Based Resources (IBR) have been anticipated as one of the main barriers to decarbonization. Grid-following IBRs may become unstable under small…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-11 Zhongda Chu , Fei Teng

As renewable energy penetration increases and system inertia levels drop, primary frequency control is becoming a critical concern in relatively small interconnections such as the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT). To address…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-07-17 Manuel Garcia , Ross Baldick

Frequency control in power systems is implemented in a hierarchical structure traditionally known as primary frequency control (PFC), secondary frequency control (SFC) and tertiary control reserve (TCR) and, some jurisdictions, include time…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-18 Taulant Kerci , Angel Vaca , Andrew Groom , Julia Matevosyan , Federico Milano

Implementing frequency response using grid-connected inverters is one of the popular proposed alternatives to mitigate the dynamic degradation experienced in low inertia power systems. However, such solution faces several challenges as…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-05-02 Yan Jiang , Richard Pates , Enrique Mallada

We propose a framework to engineer synthetic-inertia and droop-control parameters for distributed energy resources (DERs) so that the system frequency in a network composed of DERs and synchronous generators conforms to prescribed transient…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-06-13 Swaroop S. Guggilam , Changhong Zhao , Emiliano Dall'Anese , Yu Christine Chen , Sairaj V. Dhople

Traditionally, power system's inertia has been estimated according to the rotating masses directly connected to the grid. However, a new generation mix scenario is currently identified, where conventional supply-side is gradually replaced…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-04 Ana Fernández-Guillamón , Emilio Gómez-Lázaro , Angel Molina-García