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If a disturbance rocks a low-inertia power system, the frequency decline may be too rapid to arrest before it triggers undesirable responses from generators and loads. In the worst case, this instability could lead to blackout and major…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-08 Adam B. Birchfield

The dynamic response of power grids to small events or persistent stochastic disturbances influences their stable operation. Low-frequency inter-area oscillations are of particular concern due to insufficient damping. This paper studies the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-04-20 Manish K. Singh , Vassilis Kekatos

Dynamic pricing is commonly used to regulate congestion in shared service systems. This paper is motivated by the fact that in the presence of users with varying price sensitivity (responsiveness), conventional monotonic pricing can lead to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Yingqing Chen , Anni Li , Christos G. Cassandras , Homayoun Hamedmoghadam , Fabian Wirth , Robert Shorten

The electrical grid is evolving from a network consisting of mostly synchronous machines to a mixture of synchronous machines and inverter-based resources such as wind, solar, and energy storage. This transformation has led to a decrease in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-29 Atinuke Ademola-Idowu , Baosen Zhang

With the growing penetration of Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs) in power systems, stability service markets have emerged to incentivize technologies that ensure power system stability and reliability. Among the various challenges faced in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-25 Zhongda Chu , Jingyi Wu , Fei Teng

Unscheduled islanding events of microgrids result in the transition between grid-connected and islanded modes and induce a sudden and unknown power imbalance, posing a threat to frequency security. To achieve seamless islanding, we propose…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-01-09 Lun Yang , Haoxiang Yang , Xiaoyu Cao , Xiaohong Guan

To ensure adequate and economic reserve for primary frequency response in the current and future power system, this paper proposes real-time frequency response reserve (FRR) requirement based on system inertia. This minimum FRR will help…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-15 Shutang You

The increasing penetration of inverter-based renewable generation has significantly reduced system inertia, making modern power grids more vulnerable to rapid frequency deviations following disturbances. While a wide range of flexible…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-18 Xiaojie Tao , Rajit Gadh

A precise estimation of the Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) is crucial for secure power system operation. In fact, RoCoF is strictly related to the amount of the available physical and/or virtual inertia of the system and the severity…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-06 Gutierrez-Florensa , F. Sanniti , D. Tedeschi , L. Sigrist , A. Ortega , F. Milano

Modern power systems with high share of renewable generation are at the risk of rapid changes in frequency and inertia resulting from contingencies. The importance of an accurate assessment of system and load relief, as well as frequency…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-05 Julius Susanto , Alireza Fereidouni , Dean Sharafi

The power system frequency is important for the system overall stability. However, there does not exist a single measurement point of the system frequency due to the distributed nature of the system inertia and the small inconsistency of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-23 Shutang You , Hongyu Li , Shengyuan Liu , Kaiqi Sun , Weikang Wang , Wei Qiu , Yilu Liu

Low levels of inertia due to increasing renewable penetration bring several challenges, such as the higher need for Primary Frequency Response (PFR). A potential solution to mitigate this problem consists on reducing the largest possible…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-01-14 Luis Badesa , Fei Teng , Goran Strbac

Load side participation can provide support to the power network by appropriately adapting the demand when required. In addition, it enables an economically improved power allocation. In this study, we consider the problem of providing an…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-05-10 Andreas Kasis , Stelios Timotheou , Marios Polycarpou

Large-scale integration of renewables in power systems gives rise to new challenges for keeping synchronization and frequency stability in volatile and uncertain power flow states. To ensure the safety of operation, the system must maintain…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-21 Chao Duan , Pratyush Chakraborty , Takashi Nishikawa , Adilson E. Motter

Power systems dominated by converter-interfaced distributed energy resources (DERs) typically exhibit weaker damping capabilities and lower inertia, compromising system stability. Although individual DER controllers are evolving to provide…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-21 Cheng Feng , Linbin Huang , Xiuqiang He , Yi Wang , Florian Dörfler , Chongqing Kang

This paper presents a distributed frequency control method for power grids with high penetration of inverter-connected resources under low and time-varying inertia due to renewable energy (RE). We provide a distributed virtual inertia (VI)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-20 Manasa Muralidharan , Jan Kleissl , Patricia Hidalgo-Gonzalez

This paper addresses frequency regulation under operational constraints in interconnected power systems with high penetration of inverter-based renewable generation. A two-layer control architecture is proposed that combines optimized droop…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Jose A. Solano-Castellanos , Hassan Haes Alhelou , Ali T. Al- Awami , Mohannad Alkhraijah , Anuradha M. Annaswamy

In the last decade, the integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in distribution networks has been constantly increasing due to their many technical, economical, and environmental benefits. However, the large-scale penetration of RESs…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-04-13 H. Sekhavatmanesh , G. Ferrari-Trecate , S. Mastellone

Grid-forming inverter-based autonomous microgrids present new operational challenges as the stabilizing rotational inertia of synchronous machines is absent. The design of efficient control policies for grid-forming inverters is, however, a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-01-18 Yemi Ojo , Jeremy D. Watson , Khaled Laib , Ioannis Lestas

This paper studies the problem of frequency regulation in power grids, while maximizing the social welfare. Two price-based controllers are proposed; the first one an internal-model-based controller and the second one based on a continuous…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-09-25 Tjerk Stegink , Claudio De Persis , Arjan van der Schaft