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Style transfer is the task of transferring an attribute of a sentence (e.g., formality) while maintaining its semantic content. The key challenge in style transfer is to strike a balance between the competing goals, one to preserve meaning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-18 Shrimai Prabhumoye , Yulia Tsvetkov , Alan W Black , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

Style transfer is an important problem in natural language processing (NLP). However, the progress in language style transfer is lagged behind other domains, such as computer vision, mainly because of the lack of parallel data and principle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-11-28 Zhenxin Fu , Xiaoye Tan , Nanyun Peng , Dongyan Zhao , Rui Yan

Large language models (LLMs) make it easy to rewrite a text in any style -- e.g. to make it more polite, persuasive, or more positive -- but evaluation thereof is not straightforward. A challenge lies in measuring content preservation: that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Amalie Brogaard Pauli , Isabelle Augenstein , Ira Assent

Text style transfer (TST) is the task of transforming a text to reflect a particular style while preserving its original content. Evaluating TST outputs is a multidimensional challenge, requiring the assessment of style transfer accuracy,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Sourabrata Mukherjee , Atul Kr. Ojha , John P. McCrae , Ondrej Dusek

The difficulty of textual style transfer lies in the lack of parallel corpora. Numerous advances have been proposed for the unsupervised generation. However, significant problems remain with the auto-evaluation of style transfer tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-11 Richard Yuanzhe Pang

Research in the area of style transfer for text is currently bottlenecked by a lack of standard evaluation practices. This paper aims to alleviate this issue by experimentally identifying best practices with a Yelp sentiment dataset. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-05 Remi Mir , Bjarke Felbo , Nick Obradovich , Iyad Rahwan

Style transfer is the task of rephrasing the text to contain specific stylistic properties without changing the intent or affect within the context. This paper introduces a new method for automatic style transfer. We first learn a latent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-25 Shrimai Prabhumoye , Yulia Tsvetkov , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Alan W Black

Our research extends the Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU) evaluation technique for statistical machine translation to make it more adjustable and robust. We intend to adapt it to resemble human evaluation more. We perform experiments…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-10-01 Krzysztof Wołk , Krzysztof Marasek

This paper focuses on latent representations that could effectively decompose different aspects of textual information. Using a framework of style transfer for texts, we propose several empirical methods to assess information decomposition…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Ivan P. Yamshchikov , Viacheslav Shibaev , Aleksander Nagaev , Jürgen Jost , Alexey Tikhonov

The field of machine translation faces an under-recognized problem because of inconsistency in the reporting of scores from its dominant metric. Although people refer to "the" BLEU score, BLEU is in fact a parameterized metric whose values…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-13 Matt Post

This paper reviews and summarizes human evaluation practices described in 97 style transfer papers with respect to three main evaluation aspects: style transfer, meaning preservation, and fluency. In principle, evaluations by human raters…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Eleftheria Briakou , Sweta Agrawal , Ke Zhang , Joel Tetreault , Marine Carpuat

Text Style Transfer (TST) evaluation is, in practice, inconsistent. Therefore, we conduct a meta-analysis on human and automated TST evaluation and experimentation that thoroughly examines existing literature in the field. The meta-analysis…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Phil Ostheimer , Mayank Nagda , Marius Kloft , Sophie Fellenz

We consider the problem of automatically generating textual paraphrases with modified attributes or properties, focusing on the setting without parallel data (Hu et al., 2017; Shen et al., 2017). This setting poses challenges for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-01 Richard Yuanzhe Pang , Kevin Gimpel

An ongoing debate in the NLG community concerns the best way to evaluate systems, with human evaluation often being considered the most reliable method, compared to corpus-based metrics. However, tasks involving subtle textual differences,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-06 Lorenzo De Mattei , Michele Cafagna , Huiyuan Lai , Felice Dell'Orletta , Malvina Nissim , Albert Gatt

While the field of style transfer (ST) has been growing rapidly, it has been hampered by a lack of standardized practices for automatic evaluation. In this paper, we evaluate leading ST automatic metrics on the oft-researched task of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Eleftheria Briakou , Sweta Agrawal , Joel Tetreault , Marine Carpuat

Language style transferring rephrases text with specific stylistic attributes while preserving the original attribute-independent content. One main challenge in learning a style transfer system is a lack of parallel data where the source…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-27 Zhirui Zhang , Shuo Ren , Shujie Liu , Jianyong Wang , Peng Chen , Mu Li , Ming Zhou , Enhong Chen

Evaluating Text Style Transfer (TST) is a complex task due to its multifaceted nature. The quality of the generated text is measured based on challenging factors, such as style transfer accuracy, content preservation, and overall fluency.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Phil Ostheimer , Mayank Nagda , Marius Kloft , Sophie Fellenz

Style transfer methods produce a transferred image which is a rendering of a content image in the manner of a style image. We seek to understand how to improve style transfer. To do so requires quantitative evaluation procedures, but the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-02-17 Mao-Chuang Yeh , Shuai Tang , Anand Bhattad , Chuhang Zou , David Forsyth

Style transfer aims to transfer arbitrary visual styles to content images. We explore algorithms adapted from two papers that try to solve the problem of style transfer while generalizing on unseen styles or compromised visual quality.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-06-05 Somshubra Majumdar , Amlaan Bhoi , Ganesh Jagadeesan

Although text style transfer has witnessed rapid development in recent years, there is as yet no established standard for evaluation, which is performed using several automatic metrics, lacking the possibility of always resorting to human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-18 Huiyuan Lai , Jiali Mao , Antonio Toral , Malvina Nissim
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