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Recent years witnessed an increase in the amount of research on the task of Question Difficulty Estimation from Text QDET with Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, with the goal of targeting the limitations of traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Luca Benedetto

Can a machine learn Machine Learning? This work trains a machine learning model to solve machine learning problems from a University undergraduate level course. We generate a new training set of questions and answers consisting of course…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Sunny Tran , Pranav Krishna , Ishan Pakuwal , Prabhakar Kafle , Nikhil Singh , Jayson Lynch , Iddo Drori

Open Domain Question Answering requires systems to retrieve external knowledge and perform multi-hop reasoning by composing knowledge spread over multiple sentences. In the recently introduced open domain question answering challenge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-20 Pratyay Banerjee , Chitta Baral

A plethora of diverse approaches for question answering over RDF data have been developed in recent years. While the accuracy of these systems has increased significantly over time, most systems still focus on particular types of questions…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-10-25 Ricardo Usbeck , Michael Hoffmann , Michael Röder , Jens Lehmann , Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

In multiple-choice exams, students select one answer from among typically four choices and can explain why they made that particular choice. Students are good at understanding natural language questions and based on their domain knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Jennifer D'Souza , Isaiah Onando Mulang' , Soeren Auer

Existing e-commerce platforms heavily rely on manual annotation for product categorization, which is inefficient and inconsistent. These platforms often employ a hierarchical structure for categorizing products; however, few studies have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Kun Liu , Tuozhen Liu , Feifei Wang , Rui Pan

Multiple-Choice Reading Comprehension (MCRC) requires the model to read the passage and question, and select the correct answer among the given options. Recent state-of-the-art models have achieved impressive performance on multiple MCRC…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Chenglei Si , Shuohang Wang , Min-Yen Kan , Jing Jiang

Accurate and reliable diagnosis of diseases is crucial in enabling timely medical treatment and enhancing patient survival rates. In recent years, Machine Learning has revolutionized diagnostic practices by creating classification models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Antonio Tudisco , Deborah Volpe , Giovanna Turvani

In spite of much recent research in the area, it is still unclear whether subject-area question-answering data is useful for machine reading comprehension (MRC) tasks. In this paper, we investigate this question. We collect a large-scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-08 Dian Yu , Kai Sun , Dong Yu , Claire Cardie

Conformal prediction (CP) is a powerful framework for quantifying uncertainty in machine learning models, offering reliable predictions with finite-sample coverage guarantees. When applied to classification, CP produces a prediction set of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Floris den Hengst , Inès Blin , Majid Mohammadi , Syed Ihtesham Hussain Shah , Taraneh Younesian

The recent work of Clark et al. introduces the AI2 Reasoning Challenge (ARC) and the associated ARC dataset that partitions open domain, complex science questions into an Easy Set and a Challenge Set. That paper includes an analysis of 100…

Community Question Answering (CQA) becomes increasingly prevalent in recent years. However, there are a large number of answers, which is difficult for users to select the relevant answers. Therefore, answer selection is a very significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Xinghang Hu

Named entity recognition identifies common classes of entities in text, but these entity labels are generally sparse, limiting utility to downstream tasks. In this work we present ScienceExamCER, a densely-labeled semantic classification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-26 Hannah Smith , Zeyu Zhang , John Culnan , Peter Jansen

Manual coding of text data from open-ended questions into different categories is time consuming and expensive. Automated coding uses statistical/machine learning to train on a small subset of manually coded text answers. Recently,…

Applications · Statistics 2023-10-25 Hyukjun Gweon , Matthias Schonlau

Product ranking is a crucial component for many e-commerce services. One of the major challenges in product search is the vocabulary mismatch between query and products, which may be a larger vocabulary gap problem compared to other…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-04-04 Xuyang Wu , Alessandro Magnani , Suthee Chaidaroon , Ajit Puthenputhussery , Ciya Liao , Yi Fang

BERT model has been successfully applied to open-domain QA tasks. However, previous work trains BERT by viewing passages corresponding to the same question as independent training instances, which may cause incomparable scores for answers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-03 Zhiguo Wang , Patrick Ng , Xiaofei Ma , Ramesh Nallapati , Bing Xiang

Curriculum learning strategies in prior multi-task learning approaches arrange datasets in a difficulty hierarchy either based on human perception or by exhaustively searching the optimal arrangement. However, human perception of difficulty…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Neeraj Varshney , Swaroop Mishra , Chitta Baral

Recent works show that learning contextualized embeddings for words is beneficial for downstream tasks. BERT is one successful example of this approach. It learns embeddings by solving two tasks, which are masked language model (masked LM)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Çağla Aksoy , Alper Ahmetoğlu , Tunga Güngör

In spite of the high accuracy of the existing optical mark reading (OMR) systems and devices, a few restrictions remain existent. In this work, we aim to reduce the restrictions of multiple choice questions (MCQ) within tests. We use an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-01-15 Mahmoud Afifi , Khaled F. Hussain

A well formed query is defined as a query which is formulated in the manner of an inquiry, and with correct interrogatives, spelling and grammar. While identifying well formed queries is an important task, few works have attempted to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Avinash Madasu , Anvesh Rao Vijjini