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Homomorphic Encryption (HE) is one of the most promising post-quantum cryptographic schemes that enable privacy-preserving computation on servers. However, noise accumulates as we perform operations on HE-encrypted data, restricting the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Jongmin Kim , Gwangho Lee , Sangpyo Kim , Gina Sohn , John Kim , Minsoo Rhu , Jung Ho Ahn

Brakerski showed that linearly decryptable fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) schemes cannot be secure in the chosen plaintext attack (CPA) model. In this paper, we show that linearly decryptable FHE schemes cannot be secure even in the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-07 Yongge Wang

Homomorphic encryption (HE) enables computations on encrypted data by concealing information under noise for security. However, the process of bootstrapping, which resets the noise level in the ciphertext, is computationally expensive and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Adiwena Putra , Prasetiyo , Yi Chen , John Kim , Joo-Young Kim

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is a promising privacy-preserving technology enabling secure computation over encrypted data. A major limitation of current FHE schemes is their high runtime overhead. As a result, automatic optimization…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Julien de Castelnau , Mingfei Yu , Giovanni De Micheli

Homomorphic encryption (HE) allows computations to be directly carried out on ciphertexts and enables privacy-preserving cloud computing. The computations on the coefficients of the polynomials involved in HE are always followed by modular…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Sajjad Akherati , Jiaxuan Cai , Xinmiao Zhang

We propose a symmetric key homomorphic encryption scheme based on the evaluation of multivariate polynomials over a finite field. The proposed scheme is somewhat homomorphic with respect to addition and multiplication. Further, we define a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-02-18 Uddipana Dowerah , Srinivasan Krishnaswamy

The dramatic increase of data breaches in modern computing platforms has emphasized that access control is not sufficient to protect sensitive user data. Recent advances in cryptography allow end-to-end processing of encrypted data without…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-19 Eduardo Chielle , Oleg Mazonka , Homer Gamil , Michail Maniatakos

Homomorphic Encryption (HE) is one of the most promising security solutions to emerging Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS). Leveled-HE (LHE)-enabled Convolutional Neural Networks (LHECNNs) are proposed to implement MLaaS to avoid large…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Qian Lou , Lei Jiang

FHE offers protection to private data on third-party cloud servers by allowing computations on the data in encrypted form. However, to support general-purpose encrypted computations, all existing FHE schemes require an expensive operation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Rashmi Agrawal , Leo de Castro , Guowei Yang , Chiraag Juvekar , Rabia Yazicigil , Anantha Chandrakasan , Vinod Vaikuntanathan , Ajay Joshi

With the ubiquitous deployment of web services, ensuring data confidentiality has become a challenging imperative. Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) presents a powerful solution for processing encrypted data; however, its widespread…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Baigang Chen , Dongfang Zhao

Verifiable Homomorphic Encryption (VHE) is a cryptographic technique that integrates Homomorphic Encryption (HE) with Verifiable Computation (VC). It serves as a crucial technology for ensuring both privacy and integrity in outsourced…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Jung Hee Cheon , Daehyun Jang

Homomorphic encryption (HE) is a promising cryptographic technique for enabling secure collaborative machine learning in the cloud. However, support for homomorphic computation on ciphertexts under multiple keys is inefficient. Current…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-11-12 Asma Aloufi , Peizhao Hu

As machine learning (ML) permeates fields like healthcare, facial recognition, and blockchain, the need to protect sensitive data intensifies. Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) allows inference on encrypted data, preserving the privacy of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Jianming Tong , Jingtian Dang , Anupam Golder , Callie Hao , Arijit Raychowdhury , Tushar Krishna

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) emerges one of the most promising solutions to privacy-preserving computing in an untrusted cloud. FHE can be implemented by various schemes, each of which has distinctive advantages, i.e., some are good…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Lei Jiang , Lei Ju

Homomorphic encryption (HE) is a privacy-preserving technique that enables computation directly over ciphertext. Unfortunately, a key challenge for HE is that implementations can be impractically slow and have limits on computation that can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Hsuan Hsiao , Vincent Lee , Brandon Reagen , Armin Alaghi

Homomorphic Encryption (HE) enables users to securely outsource both the storage and computation of sensitive data to untrusted servers. Not only does HE offer an attractive solution for security in cloud systems, but lattice-based HE…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Kaustubh Shivdikar , Gilbert Jonatan , Evelio Mora , Neal Livesay , Rashmi Agrawal , Ajay Joshi , Jose Abellan , John Kim , David Kaeli

This paper proposes a fully homomorphic encryption encapsulated difference expansion (FHEE-DE) scheme for reversible data hiding in encrypted domain (RDH-ED). In the proposed scheme, we use key-switching and bootstrapping techniques to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-04-30 Yan Ke , Min-qing Zhang , Jia Liu , Ting-ting Su , Xiao-yuan Yang

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is a relatively recent advancement in the field of privacy-preserving technologies. FHE allows for the arbitrary depth computation of both addition and multiplication, and thus the application of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-29 George Onoufriou , Paul Mayfield , Georgios Leontidis

Performing smart computations in a context of cloud computing and big data is highly appreciated today. Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is a smart category of encryption schemes that allows working with the data in its encrypted form. It…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-04-20 Ahmed El-Yahyaoui , Mohamed Dafir Ech-Chrif El Kettani

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is a promising cryptographic primitive for realizing private neural network inference (PI) services by allowing a client to fully offload the inference task to a cloud server while keeping the client data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Jae Hyung Ju , Jaiyoung Park , Jongmin Kim , Minsik Kang , Donghwan Kim , Jung Hee Cheon , Jung Ho Ahn