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The brain did not develop a dedicated device for reasoning. This fact bears dramatic consequences. While for perceptuo-motor functions neural activity is shaped by the input's statistical properties, and processing is carried out at high…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2015-04-21 David Papo

Mathematical reasoning in large language models (LMs) has garnered significant attention in recent work, but there is a limited understanding of how these models process and store information related to arithmetic tasks within their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Alessandro Stolfo , Yonatan Belinkov , Mrinmaya Sachan

We describe the new field of mathematical analysis of deep learning. This field emerged around a list of research questions that were not answered within the classical framework of learning theory. These questions concern: the outstanding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Julius Berner , Philipp Grohs , Gitta Kutyniok , Philipp Petersen

There has been a growing interest in enhancing the mathematical problem-solving (MPS) capabilities of large language models. While the majority of research efforts concentrate on creating specialized models to solve mathematical problems,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Ruochen Zhou , Minrui Xu , Shiqi Chen , Junteng Liu , Yunqi Li , Xinxin Lin , Zhengyu Chen , Junxian He

Reasoning is a key ability for an intelligent system. Large language models (LMs) achieve above-chance performance on abstract reasoning tasks, but exhibit many imperfections. However, human abstract reasoning is also imperfect. For…

Sequence learning is an essential aspect of intelligence. In Artificial Intelligence, sequence prediction task is usually used to test a sequence learning model. In this paper, a model of sequence learning, which is interpretable through…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Bowen Xu

Despite the remarkable progress in neural models, their ability to generalize, a cornerstone for applications such as logical reasoning, remains a critical challenge. We delineate two fundamental aspects of this ability: compositionality,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Manuel Vargas Guzmán , Jakub Szymanik , Maciej Malicki

Advancements in artificial intelligence for molecular science are necessitating a paradigm shift from purely data-driven predictions to knowledge-guided computational reasoning. Existing molecular models are predominantly proprietary,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Pengfei Liu , Shuang Ge , Jun Tao , Zhixiang Ren

Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) is unlocking transformative capabilities for mathematics. There is great hope that AI will help solve major open problems and autonomously discover new mathematical concepts. In this essay, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Maissam Barkeshli , Michael R. Douglas , Michael H. Freedman

The paper studies sequential reasoning over graph-structured data, which stands as a fundamental task in various trending fields like automated math problem solving and neural graph algorithm learning, attracting a lot of research interest.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Shuo Shi , Chao Peng , Chenyang Xu , Zhengfeng Yang

A primary goal of physics is to create mathematical models that allow both predictions and explanations of physical phenomena. We weave maths extensively into our physics instruction beginning in high school, and the level and complexity of…

Physics Education · Physics 2016-04-12 Edward F. Redish

Mathematical reasoning, a core aspect of human cognition, is vital across many domains, from educational problem-solving to scientific advancements. As artificial general intelligence (AGI) progresses, integrating large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Yibo Yan , Jiamin Su , Jianxiang He , Fangteng Fu , Xu Zheng , Yuanhuiyi Lyu , Kun Wang , Shen Wang , Qingsong Wen , Xuming Hu

Recent advances in language models have demonstrated their capability to solve mathematical reasoning problems, achieving near-perfect accuracy on grade-school level math benchmarks like GSM8K. In this paper, we formally study how language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Tian Ye , Zicheng Xu , Yuanzhi Li , Zeyuan Allen-Zhu

Objects are a centerpiece of the mathematical realm and our interaction with and reasoning about it, just as they are of the physical one (if not more). And humans' mathematical reasoning must ultimately be grounded in our general…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-29 Aviv Keren

Logicians study and apply a multiplicity of various logical systems. Consequently, there is necessity to build foundations and common grounds for all these systems. This is done in metalogic. Like metamathematics studies formalized…

Logic · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Mark Burgin

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have showcased striking results on existing logical reasoning benchmarks, with some models even surpassing human performance. However, the true depth of their competencies and robustness…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Pengfei Hong , Navonil Majumder , Deepanway Ghosal , Somak Aditya , Rada Mihalcea , Soujanya Poria

Human reasoning can distill principles from observed patterns and generalize them to explain and solve novel problems. The most powerful artificial intelligence systems lack explainability and symbolic reasoning ability, and have therefore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-17 Paul J. Blazek , Kesavan Venkatesh , Milo M. Lin

The ability to abstract, count, and use System~2 reasoning are well-known manifestations of intelligence and understanding. In this paper, we argue, using the example of the ``Look and Say" puzzle, that although deep neural networks can…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Wlodek W. Zadrozny

Analogical reasoning has been a principal focus of various waves of AI research. Analogy is particularly challenging for machines because it requires relational structures to be represented such that they can be flexibly applied across…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-02-04 Felix Hill , Adam Santoro , David G. T. Barrett , Ari S. Morcos , Timothy Lillicrap

As demonstrated in many areas of real-life applications, neural networks have the capability of dealing with high dimensional data. In the fields of optimal control and dynamical systems, the same capability was studied and verified in many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-04 Wei Kang , Qi Gong