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Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities, yet their internal mechanisms for handling reasoning-intensive tasks remain underexplored. To advance the understanding of model-internal processing mechanisms, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Tanja Baeumel , Josef van Genabith , Simon Ostermann

What is reasoning? This question has driven centuries of philosophical inquiry, from Aristotle's syllogisms to modern computational complexity theory. In the age of large language models achieving superhuman performance on benchmarks like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Zixi Li

Recent generations of language models have introduced Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) that generate detailed thinking processes before providing answers. While these models demonstrate improved performance on reasoning benchmarks, their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Parshin Shojaee , Iman Mirzadeh , Keivan Alizadeh , Maxwell Horton , Samy Bengio , Mehrdad Farajtabar

The black-box nature of neural models has motivated a line of research that aims to generate natural language rationales to explain why a model made certain predictions. Such rationale generation models, to date, have been trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-16 Faeze Brahman , Vered Shwartz , Rachel Rudinger , Yejin Choi

We design and conduct a simple experiment to study whether neural networks can perform several steps of approximate reasoning in a fixed dimensional latent space. The set of rewrites (i.e. transformations) that can be successfully performed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-27 Dennis Lee , Christian Szegedy , Markus N. Rabe , Sarah M. Loos , Kshitij Bansal

Do large language models (LLMs) solve reasoning tasks by learning robust generalizable algorithms, or do they memorize training data? To investigate this question, we use arithmetic reasoning as a representative task. Using causal analysis,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Yaniv Nikankin , Anja Reusch , Aaron Mueller , Yonatan Belinkov

How perception and reasoning arise from neuronal network activity is poorly understood. This is reflected in the fundamental limitations of connectionist artificial intelligence, typified by deep neural networks trained via gradient-based…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-27 Paul J. Blazek , Milo M. Lin

Classical planning asks for a sequence of operators reaching a given goal. While the most common case is to compute a plan, many scenarios require more than that. However, quantitative reasoning on the plan space remains mostly unexplored.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-04 David Speck , Markus Hecher , Daniel Gnad , Johannes K. Fichte , Augusto B. Corrêa

A good theory of mathematical beauty is more practical than any current observation, as new predictions of physical reality can be verified self-consistently. This belief applies to the current status of understanding deep neural networks…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-07-26 Haiping Huang

This article explores the design and experimentation of a neural network architecture capable of dynamically adjusting its internal structure based on the input data. The proposed model introduces a routing mechanism that allows each layer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Dmytro Hospodarchuk

Large language models excel on static benchmarks, but their ability as self-learning agents in dynamic environments remains unclear. We evaluate three prompting strategies: self-reflection, heuristic mutation, and planning across dynamic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Annie Wong , Thomas Bäck , Aske Plaat , Niki van Stein , Anna V. Kononova

A well-defined benchmark is essential for measuring and accelerating research progress of machine learning models. In this paper, we present a benchmark for high-level mathematical reasoning and study the reasoning capabilities of neural…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-03-25 Wenda Li , Lei Yu , Yuhuai Wu , Lawrence C. Paulson

Questions concerning origin of mathematical knowledge and roles of language and intuition (imagery) in mathematical thoughts are long standing and widely debated. By introspection, mathematicians usually have some beliefs regarding these…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2019-10-02 Manouchehr Zaker

One of the most fundamental questions in Biology or Artificial Intelligence is how the human brain performs mathematical functions. How does a neural architecture that may organise itself mostly through statistics, know what to do? One…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-09-21 Kieran Greer

Artificial Intelligence models are becoming increasingly more powerful and accurate, supporting or even replacing humans' decision making. But with increased power and accuracy also comes higher complexity, making it hard for users to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-07-10 Vivian S. Silva , André Freitas , Siegfried Handschuh

Beyond the great cognitive powers showcased by language models, it is crucial to scrutinize whether their reasoning capabilities stem from strong generalization or merely exposure to relevant data. As opposed to constructing increasingly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Hongqiu Wu , Linfeng Liu , Hai Zhao , Min Zhang

Mathematical learning environments help students in mastering mathematical knowledge. Mature environments typically offer thousands of interactive exercises. Providing feedback to students solving interactive exercises requires domain…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2010-05-27 Bastiaan Heeren , Johan Jeuring

Given that rich information is hidden behind ubiquitous numbers in text, numerical reasoning over text should be an essential skill of AI systems. To derive precise equations to solve numerical reasoning problems, previous work focused on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Zhihong Shao , Fei Huang , Minlie Huang

Neural networks have to capture mathematical relationships in order to learn various tasks. They approximate these relations implicitly and therefore often do not generalize well. The recently proposed Neural Arithmetic Logic Unit (NALU) is…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-03-18 Daniel Schlör , Markus Ring , Andreas Hotho

Multimodal Mathematical Reasoning (MMR) has recently attracted increasing attention for its capability to solve mathematical problems involving both textual and visual modalities. However, current models still face significant challenges in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Tianyu Yang , Sihong Wu , Yilun Zhao , Zhenwen Liang , Lisen Dai , Chen Zhao , Minhao Cheng , Arman Cohan , Xiangliang Zhang